Generations of Computers Lecture 02 Instructor Naveedullah Safi

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Generations of Computers Lecture # 02 Instructor: Naveedullah Safi 1

Generations of Computers Lecture # 02 Instructor: Naveedullah Safi 1

ZEROETH GENERATION § § § Man used his fingers, ropes, beads, bones, pebbles and

ZEROETH GENERATION § § § Man used his fingers, ropes, beads, bones, pebbles and other objects for counting. Abacus, Pascaline, Difference & Anylitical engines Electricity was not yet invented 2

Abacus pascaline

Abacus pascaline

First generation computers (1940 -1956) n n n The first computers used vacuum tubes

First generation computers (1940 -1956) n n n The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat Punched cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape were used as input and output devices They were very large in size and taking up entire room. The computers in this generation used machine code as programming language. . 4

The main features of first generation are: n n n n n Vacuum tube

The main features of first generation are: n n n n n Vacuum tube technology Unreliable Supported machine language only Very costly Generated lot of heat Slow input and output devices Huge size Need of A. C. Non-portable Consumed lot of electricity Magnetic Drum 5

Some computers of this generation were: n n n ENIAC EDVAC UNIVAC IBM-701 IBM-650

Some computers of this generation were: n n n ENIAC EDVAC UNIVAC IBM-701 IBM-650 IBM-701 ENIAC 6

Second generation computers (1956 -1963) • • • In this generation transistors were used

Second generation computers (1956 -1963) • • • In this generation transistors were used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes. magnetic cores were used as primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices assembly language and high-level programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL were used. 7

The main features of second generation are: n n n n n Use of

The main features of second generation are: n n n n n Use of transistors Reliable in comparison to first generation Smaller size as compared to first generation Generated less heat Consumed less electricity Faster than first generation computers Still very costly A. C. needed Supported machine and assembly languages 8

Some computers of this generation were: n n n IBM 1620 IBM 7094 CDC

Some computers of this generation were: n n n IBM 1620 IBM 7094 CDC 1604 CDC 3600 UNIVAC 1108 9

Third generation computers (1964 -1971) n n The development of the integrated circuit was

Third generation computers (1964 -1971) n n The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ of the third generation of computers. Single IC has many transistors. Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system. Allowed the device to run many different applications at one time. 10

Fourth generation computers (1971 -present) • n n n The fourth generation computer started

Fourth generation computers (1971 -present) • n n n The fourth generation computer started with the invention of microprocessor. The microprocessor contain thousand of ICs. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971. It greatly reduced the size of computer. The size of modern microprocessor is usually one square inch. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices. 11

Fourth generation computers 12

Fourth generation computers 12

Fifth generation computers (present and beyond) n n Fifth generation computing devices, based on

Fifth generation computers (present and beyond) n n Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence. Are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition. The use of parallel processing is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language. 13

Fifth generation computers 14

Fifth generation computers 14