Interview Two way conversation Interrogation Adversarial questioning Accusatory

• Interview – Two way conversation • Interrogation – Adversarial questioning – Accusatory

Mandatory Reporting of Officer’s Use of Deadly Force • Use of physical force that causes death or serious bodily injury • Use of physical force under circumstances that in fact create a substantial risk of causing death or serious bodily injury – even if they don’t result • Use of physical force when it is the officers intent to cause death or serious bodily injury – whether or not either actually occur

Mandatory Reporting of Officer’s Use of Deadly Force • The discharge of a firearm in the general direction of another person or at a moving vehicle; whether or not the projectile hits the person or vehicle – Less-lethal not necessary to report – Pointing – even loaded & cocked – not necessary to report • Ramming an occupied vehicle • A roadblock set up to terminate a pursuit when a risk of causing death or serious bodily injury to the fleeing vehicle AND results in either

Use of Force in Defense of Premises • A Person – In possession or control – Or licensed or privileged • Of a premise – Includes land, private ways and any buildings thereon • May use non-deadly force • Necessary to prevent or terminate criminal trespass

Use of Force in Defense of Premises • • A Person In possession or control Or licensed or privileged May use deadly force – To prevent arson – In defense of a person • Within a dwelling place – To prevent criminal trespass – To prevent the commission of a crime – Must demand the trespasser cease • Unless doing so would be dangerous

Physical Force in Defense of a Person • A person may use a reasonable degree of nondeadly force – To defend themselves or a third party from • A reasonable belief of the imminent use of unlawful, non-deadly force – Except: • When the person provoked – Unless the person withdrew and communicated that intent • The force was a product of agreed combat

Physical Force in Defense of a Person • A person is justified in using deadly force upon another person – When that person reasonably believes it necessary and reasonably believes such other person: • Is about to use unlawful, deadly force against the person or a 3 rd person • Is (or is about to) commit kidnapping or robbery against the person or a 3 rd person • Has entered a dwelling place (without consent or authorization) and deadly force is necessary to prevent bodily injury upon the person or a 3 rd person

Physical Force in Law Enforcement • A LEO is justified in using a reasonable degree of non-deadly force – To affect an arrest or prevent escape (reasonable belief) – In self-defense or defense of a 3 rd person (reasonable belief) • A LEO is justified in using deadly force only when the LEO reasonably believes it’s necessary – Self-defense or defense of a 3 rd person from the reasonable belief of the imminent use of unlawful deadly force

Non-deadly Force by LEO • Degree of non-deadly force must be reasonable – Reasonable officer @ scene not in hindsight • Officer must reasonably believe that nondeadly force is necessary to make an arrest or prevent escape • If the officer knows the arrest or detention is illegal – NO force is justified

Physical Force in Law Enforcement • A LEO is justified in using deadly force only when the LEO reasonably believes it’s necessary – To prevent the escape from arrest of a person • Who’s committed a dangerous crime • And who’s failure to apprehend is likely to result in more violence • The LEO must make a reasonable attempt to warn • The LEO reasonably believes the escapee knows the LEO is attempting to prevent the escape

Parker v. Gerrish (2008) • Court upholds jury verdict of $111 k for use of excessive force • Parker stopped for OUI – overall compliant • 3 officers on scene • Tased after not immediately unclasping his wrist after one wrist was handcuffed • Court decides based on: – Seriousness of the offense – Didn’t pose an immediate threat to officer safety – Not actively resisting or attempting to flee

Scene Investigation • Responding officer evaluates – initial observations are critical • Just because you don’t see it doesn’t mean it isn’t there • Touch DNA • Photos at a minimum • Chain of custody

Scene Investigation • Be careful in your wording – Blood = red/brown stain – Jelly… • Be aware of all physical evidence possibilities

Reports • Notes – dated notebook • Retained if more than what goes into your report - discoverable • If all the info is in your report they can be destroyed • The person reading it wasn’t there – be descriptive

Reports • Concise – • Accurate – factual, grammar, spelling, phone numbers, DOB’s • Complete – elements of the crime • Unbiased • In chronological order • Based on….

Reports • Witness statements • First person – I went to… • Explain abbreviations the first time they are used – Cumberland County Jail (CCJ) • Proofread • Your reports are how you build a reputation – good or bad

Court • Preparation • Presentation – honest, fair & competent • Know your report & have 2 copies • Defense has a right to review what you are referring to • Review any transcripts from previous testimony (hearings or Grand Jury)

Court • Grand Jury • Pretrial interviews with prosecutor – Specific questions – Potential defense questions – Make them aware of any mistakes • Meetings with defense attorney – Review of evidence – Prosecutor must be aware – Pay attention to what they pay attention to

Court • Testimony – Sequestration order in effect – Know the courtroom – Dress appropriately – Refer to report if necessary – know if there are mistakes in that report – Listen to the question then look at the jury – Multiple questions – “You’ve asked me several questions – which would you like me answer first? ”

Court • Be calm • Think about how the jury is looking at you • You build a reputation with the judges and attorneys based on your testimony • Don’t use police lingo – use simple, conversational English • Answer what you’re asked – don’t volunteer anything else • You are educating the jury

Court • More than a “yes” or “no” required… • Correct mistakes – with the permission of the judge • If the judge talks or an objection is made – stop talking • Overly friendly defense attorney = knife in the back • Prepare…Present…Leave

Officer Survival • Stress • “Emotional Survival for Law Enforcement” by Kevin Gilmartin

• Show ups – 99. 9% of time – don’t do them – Suggestive • Line up – Sequential – one at a time – Simultaneous – all at once – Blind administrator – person showing does not know who is the suspect