International Immigration Refugees Syrian Refugees n n n

International Immigration, Refugees & Syrian Refugees n n n Assist. Prof. Saffet Akkaya Find course material at my page on IIBF https: //www. cag. edu. tr/tr/akademikkadro/429/hakkinda E-mail: saffetakkaya@cag. edu. tr

Main Source for the Course Pages: 263 -285 See also: https: //www. researchgate. net/publication/328538881_REFUG EES_AND_MIGRANTS_IN_TURKEY_2018

Current Issues in World Politics n n n n n Syllabus weeks 1 st : Sovereignty: The Violation and Restoration of Iraqi Authority 2 nd: Resource Scarcity: The Changing Dynamics and Implications of Global Energy 3 rd: War Crimes and International Criminal Court and Syria 4 th: Irresolvable Conflicts: Arab Israeli conflict 5 th: Irresolvable Conflicts: Israeli Palestinian Impasse 6 th: Asymmetrical Warfare: New/Old Wars in the world 7 th: The Proliferation Problem Applied: The Case of North Korea 8 th: Midterm Exam 9 th: Pivotal States: Confronting and Accommodating Iran 10 th: Arab Spring and Syria Crisis 11 th: Global Warming : Facing the Problem After Copenhagen 12 th: International Immigration, Refugees & Syrian Refugees 13 th: Failed and Failing States: Pakistan case 14 th: Terrorism: Changing Global Threats 15 th: General Review 16 th: Final Exam

We humans are all Immigrants!!! n n Migration is one of the oldest and most enduring aspects of the human experience. Everyone is an immigrant or the descendant of immigrants of Great Rift Valley in Africa where the ancestors of today’s human population are believed first to have emerged.

We humans are all Immigrants!!!

We all are Immigrants n n n Immigration is a large, important, and controversial contemporary phenomenon. In 2005, the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs reported that there were 191 million international immigrants (people residing in countries other than that of their birth). That figure fluctuates from year-to-year, as some immigrants are repatriated and others leave voluntarily or flee their native lands. The reasons they move are various and complicated, but the net result is a constant flow of people across borders. Today approximately 1 in every 35 people in the world is an immigrant. The arrival of new peoples has always been a source of controversy of greater or lesser intensity depending on who was trying to settle where in what numbers and for what reasons.

Parameters of Immigration n n Immigrants are often subdivided into more or less controversial categories. Regular international immigrants consist of those individuals who have migrated to a country through legal channels, meaning their immigration is recognized by the host government. Countries allow such immigrants into the country for a variety of reasons and in different numbers depending on the needs or uses they may have for such populations. Parts of Europe—notably Germany—have long admitted workers from places like Turkey to augment a shrinking workforce as its population ages, and the United States has historically given priority status to people with particularly needed education and technical skills, such as scientists and engineers from developing countries like India.

Parameters of Immigration n n There are, however, other categories of immigrants that are more controversial. In the contemporary debate, the most controversial are so-called irregular immigrants. The UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs defines this class of people as “those who enter acountry without proper authorization or who have violated the terms of stay of the authorization they hold. ” Acronyms for irregular status include illegal, undocumented, and unauthorized immigrants. There around 40 million irregular immigrants worldwide, of whom perhaps one-third are in the United States.

Dynamics of Immigration n n The dynamics of immigration as a global issue requires looking at the phenomenon from at least three vantage points. The first is the motivation for immigration: Why do people emigrate from one place to another, and what roles do they fulfill when they become immigrants? The second is where the phenomenon of immigration is the most and least evident on a global scale; from third world to developed countries. The third concern is immigration as a problem, both globally and locally.

Immigration Motivations n n n The most obvious reason for migration is to improve one’s living conditions by relocation. People decide to leave for both political and economic reasons: politically to avoid conflict or discrimination in their home land, and economically a better life in another country. This basic statement of motivation has numerous variations: n migration for employment; n seasonal mobility for employment; n permanent settlements; n refugees who are forced to migrate; n resettlement; n state-sponsored movements; n tourism and ecotourism; n brain drains; n smuggled and trafficked people; n people returning to their country of origin; n environmental migration; n religious pilgrimage.

Immigration Motivations n n n History’s most dramatic migrations have had political upheaval as an underlying theme. Large movements of people have always been associated with significant global events like; n revolutions, wars, and the rise and fall of empires; n epochal changes like economic expansion, n nation-building, and political transformations; n and with enduring challenges like conflict, persecution, and dispossession. While these dramatic kinds of events are still at play, the current surge of immigration has an economic theme that is part of globalization and modern demographic changes in the world.

Immigration Motivations n n n n There is another category of generally irregular immigrants that should be mentioned: criminals who move to new countries in order to carry out illegal activities of one sort or another. Human traffickers and smugglers are one instance of this form of immigration. Another is the movement of drug traffickers into the countries in which they do business or through which they transit. There are two basic and overlapping trends in worldwide immigration. The first is that the burden of this immigration is shifting geographically from the developing to the developed world, and especially to Europe and North America. The other trend is that immigration is increasing numerically: there are more immigrants worldwide than there have been. Part of this latter trend can be at least partially explained by the overall increase in world population.

Refugees n n A special category of immigrants are refugees. A refugee is “a person outside of his or her country of nationality who is unable or unwilling to return because of persecution or a well-grounded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. ” Broadly speaking, refugees are the most prominent example of what the UN Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) calls “forcibly displaced people, ” who, according to 2009 UNCHR figures, number about 42 million. The largest numbers of people within this category are refugees (displaced people living outside their native countries) at about 15. 2 million, internally displaced persons or IDPs (refugees within their own countries) at about 26 million, and asylum seekers (people who have sought international protection but whose applications have not been acted upon), who numbered 827, 000 in 2008.

Refugees n n n International and internal refugees are most prominently associated with conflict zones and especially civil conflicts. One of the world’s most well publicized instances of refugee dynamics is the Darfur region of Sudan and surrounding countries like the Central African Republic and Chad. In terms of sheer numbers, the largest concentrations of refugees are people fleeing the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq: n 1. 8 million Afghan refugees in Pakistan, n 1. 1 Iraqi refugees in Syria, n 980, 000 Iraqi and Afghan refugees in Iran. n Around 4 million Syrian refugees in Turkey

USA-Born with Immigration n The immigrant question has always been important for the United States is an immigrant state, with waves of immigrants from various places arriving at different times in the country’s history to constitute one of the world’s most nationally and ethnically diverse populations. Sometimes the process of new immigrant waves has been orderly, open, and noncontentious, but as often as not it has been surrounded by considerable disagreement and rancor.

USA-Born with Immigration n n Immigration has, of course, become particularly contentious over the last two decades because of the large-scale movement of Mexicans and Central Americans across the U. S. -Mexican border. The actual numbers involved are difficult to estimate actively, because many of the immigrants have been so-called irregular or illegal immigrants. Using the 2005 UN figures, it is estimated that about 20 percent of immigrants in the world are in the United States, over half of which have entered across the U. S. -Mexican border, mostly illegally. On the other hand, Europe, is facing a larger immigrant population than the United States, especially in a few select countries like Germany. To understand the nature of the concern—and to place the current U. S. debate into a global context—it is necessary to look at the immigration question more broadly.

Immigration Policy of USA n n n In the US, highly skilled immigrants are almost always welcome, because they augment the receiving country’s talent pool and add intellectual or physical capabilities. It is estimated, for instance, that fully one-half of the scientists and engineers practicing in the United States are of foreign birth. Under the Immigration Act of 1990, the United States allows 140, 000 immigrants with needed skills into the country annually. The country’s intellectual and technological base would be seriously compromised were they to leave or be evicted. The system operates differently regarding less skilled immigrants, which, of course, includes most of the irregular immigrants. For the most part, the immigrants themselves are impoverished people fleeing great economic deprivation personally and motivated to improve the lots of themselves and their extended families.

The World Situation n n Europe and North America are the destinations of most of the immigrants to the developed world. The proportion of migrants living in North America rose from 18 percent in 1990 to 23 percent in 2005, and the share of Europe rose from 32 to 34 percent. In 2005, one in every three international migrants lived in Europe and about one in every four lived in North America. ” The growth rate of international migrants is greatest for North America, where the “migrant stock” rose by an annual rate of 3. 2 percent between 1990 and 2005. Most North American immigrants come from Mexico and Central America, whereas immigrants to Europe come primarily from Africa and Asia.

Syrien Refugee Problem in Turkey

Syrien Refugee Problem in Turkey n n n Turkey, as the heir of Ottoman Empire, had received masses of immigrants since 1870 s. After the establishment of Republic, Turkey received immigrants from Europe, the scientists and scholars fleeing from Nazi Germany, and ordinary people fleeing from suppressions of communist regime. In 1989, around 300. 000 Bulgarian citizen Turks have migrated to Turkey. In 1990 around half million Kurds crossed Turkish border who fled from Saddam regime. Starting with the Syrian internal war, so far around 4 million Syrien refugees settled in Turkey.

Syrien Refugee Problem in Turkey n n Turkey hosts refugees, people with temporal protection status, and irregular migrants from many countries, such as Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq and Iran. Syrians comprised 90% of all refugees in Turkey in 2018 (UNHCR 2018 b). Syrians were first seen as “guests” arriving in Turkey to stay for a short period. Soon, this type of open-door policy increased the number of Syrians from the thousands to the millions, and their return to their home country became unlikely.

Syrien Refugee Problem in Turkey

Syrien Refugee Problem in Turkey In 2018, the Syrian refugees and migrants in Turkey numbered over 3. 6 million.

Syrien Refugee Problem in Turkey n n n Initially, Syrians were welcomed as guests. Before their arrival, people of Turkish origin who lived in other countries were invited to Turkey. When it became evident that Syrians would stay indefinitely and would number into the millions, the general attitude toward them began to change. Although some part of Turkish public opinion see Syrians as gests, recently it is argued that they are putting a burden on Turkish people. Many believed that Syrians in Turkey are dangerous people who will bring trouble to Turkey in the future. From the opinions of Turkish people, it seems difficult for Syrians to assimilate to Turkish society.

Syrien Refugee Problem in Turkey n n n n “What kinds of Syrian refugees live in Turkey? ” Syrian refugees in Turkey range from the youths to elderly, from people not being able to read to those with university degrees, from the employed to the unemp-loyed and from housewives to students. Almost every second (45%) Syrian refu-gee in Turkey is less than 18 years old. The people at a working age (18– 59 years old) constitute half (52%), and the older generation (60 years or older) constitu-tes a small portion (3%). Istanbul has the largest amount of Syrian refugees, and especially young adult Syrian men prefer it. The border provinces Gaziantep, Hatay and Şanliurfa—each of which has several hundreds of thousands of Syrian refugees—are other major sites where Syrian families in particular settled many years ago. The �zmir province, which is on the western coast, is an important site for tens of thousands of Syrian refugees.

Syrien Refugee Problem in Turkey n n n n “What are the migration wishes and plans of Syrian refugees in Turkey? ” In 2018, 49% of Syrians clearly wished to return to Syria, but fewer (38%) were planning it. Almost every third (31%) planned to migrate to somewhere other than Syria, most preferably to Canada or Germany. The Syrians with family or friends in the European Union were especially eager to move there. Turkey was the most preferred country to live in for a third (34%) of the respondents. Despite migration wishes, four out of five (79%) Syrian refugees believed that they might live the rest of their lives in Turkey. In Turkey, the respondents ge-nerally wanted to live in the provinces where they were in 2018.

Questions? ?