Migration AP Human Geography Unit 2 Mobility Migration

Migration AP Human Geography Unit 2

Mobility Migration Terms Circulation—“short term” Migration (vs. Circulation) Emigration Immigration Net Migration Net in-migration: Immigrants > Emigrants: Net out-migration: Immigrants < Emigrants CIA Worldfactbook, April 2006

E. G. Ravenstein’s “Laws of Migration” 1. Most people migrate for economic reasons. 2. Cultural & environmental factors may also be important, but not as important as economics 3. Most migrants move a short distance, and stay within a country. 4. Long-distance migrants go to major centers of economic activity. 5. Most long-distance migrants are males. 6. Most long-distance migrants are adults, not families with their children. **Theory of Human Migration: 1885**

Causes of Migration Push vs. Pull Factors ECONOMIC North Dakota Oil Boom CULTURAL Iraq War (2003 present) ENVIRONMENTAL Hurricane Katrina (2005)

Overcrowding in Europe Plenty of food in USA Persecution of Russian Jews Poverty in Europe The US Bill of Rights Higher pay for US workers European class system Religious freedom in US

Net-migration Using the Population Data Sheet… 1. Identify the three countries with the highest “net inmigration” rate. 2. What would be likely pull factors? 3. Identify the three countries with the highest “net outmigration” rate. 4. What would be likely push factors? 5. What problems does using the rate versus the raw number present?

Refugee

Refugee Global Refugees—There about 20, 000 refugees or internally displaced persons worldwide, (estimates vary a lot). The top 10 sources of refugees, asylum seekers and internally displaced persons in 2005 were: Afghanistan: 1, 908, 100 Sudan: 693, 300 Burundi: 438, 700 DR Congo: 4, 430, 600 Somalia: 394, 800 Vietnam: 358, 200 Palestinians: 349, 700 [or more than 4, 300, 000, depending on definitions] Iraq: 262, 100 Azerbaijan: 233, 700 Liberia: 231, 100

US Refugee Policy Who is a refugee? In the US [under the Immigration and Nationality Act, Section 101(a)(42)]: The term 'refugee' means: (A) any person who is outside any country of such person's nationality … who is unable or unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling to avail himself or herself of the protection of, that country because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion, or (B) in such circumstances as the President … may specify, any person … who is persecuted or who has a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.

US Refugee Policy “Wet-foot vs. Dry-foot policy” (1995) Cuban migrant apprehended in the water is sent back home vs. Cuban who makes it to the U. S. shore, and can qualify for legal permanent resident status and US citizenship Awkward Arrangement— Coast Guard frequently use water cannons to steer boats away from the US coast Cuban migrant running through the surf trying to escape an immigration officer to make it to “dry land” 2006— 15 Cubans were found clinging to a piling off of the coast and sent back to Cuba “Shout Rule”—have to specifically state your fear of return Cuba vs. Haiti

US Refugee Policy US Refugees: 2003 -2006—The ceiling on US refugee admissions is 70, 000 per year. 2003 2004 2005 2006 Africa East Asia Eastern Europe na The Former Soviet Union Europe &Central Asia Latin America & Caribbean Near East & South Asia Unallocated Reserve 20, 000 25, 000 20, 000 4, 000 6, 500 13, 000 15, 000 2, 500 na na 14, 000 na 2, 500 7, 000 20, 000 na 13, 500 2, 000 20, 000 na 9, 500 5, 000 2, 500 20, 000 na 15, 000 10, 000

US Refugee Policy Africa 12, 000 East Asia 17, 000 Europe and Central Asia Latin America & Caribbean Near East & South Asia 31, 000 Unallocated Reserve Ceiling 2011 12, 000 2012 18, 000 2, 000 5, 500 3, 000 2, 000 5, 000 3, 000 76, 000

South Sudan Dependency Ratio— 82% Youth— 76% Literacy— 27% TFR— 5. 43 **2014 statistics** GDP per capita--$1, 400 (2013)

Migration 1. According to Ravenstein, describe the typical migrant? (ie. gender, cause, location, etc. ) 2. Is this still accurate? 3. Describe who you believe to be the typical migrant today. 4. What are the time periods in which the US has experienced the greatest in-migration? What were the push/pull factors?

Migrant Characteristics Is Ravenstein still correct? Today, in the US, most international immigrants are women, not men. Although most immigrants to the US are still single adults, increasing numbers of immigrants are children (17 years of age or less). Mexican migrants to the US come from the interior. Why the change?

Migration Patterns Wilbur Zelinsky… Demographic Transition Migration patterns change depending on demographic stage Stage 2—international migration, also rural to urban migration Examples? Stage 3 & 4—internal migration, also urban to suburban , the destination of those in stage 2 Examples?

Migration Patterns Gravity Model Migration=Population/ Distance (M=P/D) Also relates to trade, services, etc. Step Migration Chain migration Brain Drain

Migration Terms Intervening Obstacle— Environmental (ie. oceans) Cultural (ie. laws) International Migration Voluntary vs. Forced Migration Internal Migration Interregional Migration Intraregional Migration (ie. rural to urban, Counterurbanization) Most typical U. S. side of the border is uninhabited and separated from Mexico by a fence

Global Migration Patterns Only 5% of the world’s population are international migrants (still more than 300 million people) Net out-migration areas: Asia, Latin America and Africa Net in-migration areas: North America, Europe, Oceania

US Immigration Patterns 1 st Era: Colonial Period (1607 -1840) 2 million Europeans (90% British), 650, 000 Africans Why/Results California is the destination of about 25% of all US immigrants; another 25% go to New York and New Jersey.

US Immigration Patterns 2 nd Era: Later European Migration (1840 s-1930 s) 1 st Peak (1840 s-1850 s)— 4. 3 million (German/Irish) Stage 2 (Migration transition) —repeatedly… “safety valve” 2 nd Peak (1880 s)—German, Irish, Scandinavian 3 rd Peak (1900 -1930)—Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary 1910— 14% of US population was 1 st/2 nd generation immigrant

US Immigration Patterns 3 rd Era: Modern Immigration (1970 s to Present) Asian— 1970 s-1980 s (China, Philippines, India, Vietnam)— 7 million Latin American— 1980 s. Present (Mexico, Dominican Rep, El Salvador) Today: Asian migrants outnumber Latin American (as of 2013)…recent shift to Central America

US Immigration Policy Evolution of American immigration policy… Incentivized immigration— largely up to 1924 Indentured servitude, slavery Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) “Brain Drain” also introduced the “Head Tax” of 50 cents a person Quota System and Border Patrol established (1924) Amnesty (1986)—one time Applied to those arriving before 1982

US Immigration Policy Undocumented Immigration No one knows how many immigrants are in the US illegally Mexico Central America, Asia, Europe Enter illegally; or “overstay” visas Inconsistencies…Haiti vs. Cuba California, Texas, and Florida are the leading destinations for undocumented immigrants to the U. S. Economic vs. Political migrants (political asylum)

US Immigration Policy DREAM Act (proposed 2011)—Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Act Permit immigrant students who have grown up in the U. S. to apply for temporary legal status and to eventually obtain permanent legal status and become eligible for U. S. citizenship if they go to college or serve in the U. S. military (8 year commitment) Came to the U. S. at age 15 or younger at least five years before the date of the bill’s enactment and who have maintained good moral character since entering the U. S. **President Obama has stopped deportation of immigrants meeting the DREAM criteria under the Deferred Action of Childhood Arrivals (DACA)**

US Immigration Policy 1. Should the US take greater measures to stop illegal immigration? 2. Aren’t these people just pursuing the same dreams our ancestors did? 3. What would happen to US industries without immigration? Are these employers culpable? “Illegal” vs. “unauthorized”

Immigration Policies 36% Luxembourg 19% Switzerland 9% Austria 9% Germany 9% Belgium 6% France 6% Sweden 5% Denmark 4% Netherlands 4% Norway 4% UK 3% Ireland 2% Spain 2% Italy Foreign Born as % of European populations

Immigration Policies Guest Workers— temporarily for employment, not considered permanent migrants Middle East—wealthy oil states import workers from the Philippines, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh Foreign workers represent 60 to 90% of labor force in most oil -exporting countries Time-contract workers— Chinese migrants in Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand Spanish youths attacked Moroccan immigrants in El Ejido, Spain after an alleged murder.

Immigration Policies Canada—shortage of skilled labor led to liberal policy visa policy for visas skilled workers, immigrants make up 21. 3% of the population (2013) Japan—finally embraced a point system (academic, business, research background) to allow visa application , immigrants only make up 1. 7% of the population Australia—anyone not carrying a valid visa to be an illegal and is sent to an immigrant detention center (also found in Switzerland amongst other countries), this includes children (1, 062 as of Feb. 2013) Australian Detention Center or “Immigration Residential Housing”

Immigration Policies Denmark—offers a cash incentive for immigrants to leave, both the Danish spouse and the foreign spouse must be at least 24 years old (has the unintended effect of separating families) to be granted citizenship Sweden—largely welcomes refugees and immigrants, opposition has increased with recent riots resulting from high unemployment United Kingdom—the immigrant population has doubled (7. 5 million) between 2001 -2011, increasing numbers of overstayed visa applicants has resulted in the government requiring applicants pay a 1, 000 pound ($1, 500) bond, only to be returned when the applicant leaves Qatar—”Kafala system, ” ties foreign workers to their employers, confiscate passports and often force workers to sleep ten to a room, estimated 40 workers die every month, 1. 4 million in the country

March, 2013

Internal Migration Interregional Migration Spreading westward since colonial times. Southern shift since the 1980 s Intraregional Migration— migration within a single region Rural to Urban Cities to suburbs 1800, 5% of the US population lived in suburbs 75% of the US population now lives in suburbs Counter-urbanization Average annual migrations between

Internal Migration The center of U. S. population has consistently moved westward, with the migration of people to the west. It has also begun to move southward with migration to the southern sunbelt.

Intraregional Migration in the U. S. Includes: • Central Business District (Central City) • Transition (Inner Suburbs) • Suburbs • Rural Ares Average annual migration (in millions) among urban, suburban, and rural areas in the U. S. During the 1990 s. The largest flow was from central cities to suburbs.

Net Migration by County, 2000 -04 Rural counties in the southwest and Florida have had net in-migration, while there has been net out-migration from rural counties in the Great Plains

Internal Migration Brazil – migration from the Brasilia was created as Brazil’s new capital In 1960 and since then has attracted Thousands of migrants in search of jobs. coast to the interior Indonesia –migration from Java to less populated islands Russia (Soviet) –forced and voluntary migration to the west India – limits migration Europe – migrants moving from South/East to North

Population and Migration Exam Review 1. What are the two most likely discussion questions? 2. Identify the three most important models for this unit 3. These are the five most important vocabulary words.

FRQ Expectations Definitions and Explanations—should be a minimum of 2 sentences Examples/Identification—I expect everyone to provide an additional example regardless of what they require (ie. If I ask for two examples of interregional migration, you must provide a third—and will be graded on all three!!!) Lead with the your most confident response Other reminders— Underline important words or phrases They are looking for accurate information presented in clear, concise manner. VAGUE is the enemy Most questions are broken into parts (ie. A and B)—Label each part of your response