Integrated Coastal Zone Management ICMICZM MK PENGELOLAAN KAWASAN

Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICM/ICZM) MK PENGELOLAAN KAWASAN PESISIR TERPADU Gasal 2018/2019 DK 18 -4721 INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT REVIEW AND CASE STUDIES DIAN RAHMAWATI, ST, MT. DEPARTEMEN PERENCANAAN WILAYAH DAN KOTA SURABAYA 2018

OUTLINE • Review history and theory of ICM/ICZM • Case Studies • Discussions

REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY OF ICM/ICZM

Definition Coastal process management in an integrated approach from every involved aspects to achieve SUSTAINABILITY

Further Definition (1) • Integrated planning and management of coastal resources and environments that concerns physical, socio-economic, and political issues in a dynamic coastal system • Integrated approach consists of both vertical (structural/governmental) and horizontal (sectoral) coordination which involve stakeholders that affect to the quality and quantity of coastal resources and environments through decision making process. Adapted from Sorensen (1997)

Further Definition (2) • Sustainable management and utilisation process considering the landscape and ecosystem vulnerability, the activity and function diversity, variation of interaction along to their impacts either in the sea nor the ground Adapted from UNEP, 1992

Main aspects to be considered: • A set of principles to understand special character of coastal environment in guiding the decision making process • The perspective to understand ICZM from 2 sides- Bottom Up (community involvement) and Top Down (Government control) • The existence of coordination mechanisms in enabling the communication between all sectors and stakeholders in ICZM process • The appropriate and relevant knowledges to support the decision making process

Historical Overview • United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) adopt and implement ICM through Regional Seas Program (UN Conference in Stockholm, 1972) to achieve sustainable coastal development. • The concept is then renewed to ICZM in The Earth Summit, Rio de Janeiro, 1992 (UNCED Conference)

History • Described in Agenda 21 Chapter 17 (The Oceans Chapter) : Coastal states are required to provide for an integrated policy and decision making process, including all involved sectors, to promote compatibility and a balance of uses in the coastal marine area (Robinson, 1992)

Constraints in ICZM • The lack of long-term planning process to conserve coastal areas • Policy separation between national level-province level-local level • Inability to cope environmental impact as the coastal area are now becoming an urbanised area • Climate change as a global challenge requires a more integrated urban and regional planning process in adopting ICZM • The lack of political will in implement ICZM especially when facing pressures in a real development process • The lack of coordination either in governmental level (structural/vertical) and sectoral • The absence of effective national policy for marine protected areas and urban planning • The absence of land-use planning systems that manage private and public land use policy in coastal areas

Dynamic environment of coastal ICM/ICZM Complexity of national/ provincial/ local policy Sustainability

What’s so important?

World coastal area = 8%, global productivity = 25% Coastal cities occupied 2/3 parts of the world 90% of coastal resources exploitated in Exclusive Economic Zone since these resources considered as common property

The variety of activities may lead to unsustainable actions that damage coastal environment and human life.

According to FAO report (2000), 47% sea fisheries has been identified maximally exploitated; while 28% are even over-exploitated. In a whole, 75% needs management to reduce capacity and exploitation pressure. 88 out from 126 sea mammals are listed in IUCN as Red List of Threatened Species (Marsh et al, 2001). More than 50% mangrove forests in the world are destroyed (WRI, 2001). STRATEGIC ROLE dan HIGHLY POTENCIAL of coastal resources should be well-managed

Aktualita di KKP Indonesia Problem: Peraturan terbaru: • Penangkapan ikan ilegal • Sulitnya pemantauan dan pengendalian wilayah laut Indonesia • Berpotensi kehilangan 3 juta ton ikan/thn • Pengelolaan wilayah pesisir terendah ada provinsi • Moratorium izin penangkapan ikan dengan kapal ex-asing kapasitas besar • Pelarangan transshipment (pembongkaran ikan di tengah laut)

Peledakkan kapal asing di perairan Belawan Sumber: Mongabay, 2015 Kapal berbobot besar di Sulawesi Utara Sumber: Mongabay, 2015

Goals of ICZM • • Function integrity in coastal management Minimize conflicts Keeping the environment and human’s health Facilitating multisector development

PROCESS IN ICZM 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Issue and problem identifications Planning preparation process Formal adoption and finance Implementation Monitoring dan evaluation (Olsen et al, 1998)

Issues and problems identification • Evaluate comprehensively from existing condition according to physical, socialeconomic, and technical aspects as well as the existing management program • Expected output: COASTAL PROFILE 1

PLANNING PREPARATION PROCESS • Goal setting in the ICZM program • Define integration guide and level as an approach • Institution planning to sustain implementation program, integration and coordination, finance and human resource 2

FINANCE • Formal adoption • Innovative finance: 1. Public Private Sector Partnership 2. Revolving Funds 3. Private Sector Funds 4. Investment Funds 3

IMPLEMENTATION • May have different levels (national, regional, and local) • Depends on problem location and boundaries. (e. g : entire coastline problem as national issue or rural coastline as regional issue) • Program compatibility and resource availability 4

Evaluasi dan Monitoring • Performance Evaluation (Pelaksanaan program ICZM terhadap persyaratan pembiayaan) • Evaluation of Management Capacity (Kelayakan terhadap struktur pengelolaan) • Outcome Evaluation (Menilai hasil pelaksanaan program ICZM terhadap lingkungan/fisik, sosial, dan ekonomi) 5

INTEGRAtion LEVEL • • • Sectoral integration Physical integration Structural/Government integration Countries integration (international affairs) Field of disciplines integration

Prinsip Utama ICZM NO END-STATE On-going process which should constantly readjust the equilibrum between economic development and the protection of environment

ICM implementation in the US • Enacted CZMA (Coastal Zone Management Act) since 1972 • memiliki landasan dalam mengelola pesisir yang disebut sebagai ketentuan ‘konsistensi pemerintah’. Ketentuan ini berisi bahwa aktivitas pemerintah yang memiliki dampak sesuai prediksi (dengan aktivitas yang layak dijalankan) pada darat, laut, ataupun sumberdaya alam kawasan pesisir harus semaksimal rencana pengelolaan pesisir • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) bertanggungjawab thd pengelolaan wilayah pesisir Amerika Serikat yakni seluas (sekitar) 152. 529 km dengan penduduk 153 juta jiwa (53% dari jumlah penduduk AS).

Penerapan ICM di Australia • Pemerintah Australia melalui Natural Resources Management Ministerial Council menjelaskan tujuan utama ICM adalah untuk menjaga, mengembalikan, dan memperbaiki kualitas ekosistem pesisir dan lingkungan masyarakat sekitarnya. • Pemerintah provinsi Victoria mendefinisikan ICM dalam (Victorian Coastal Strategy 2008) sebagai sebuah kerangka yang berupaya untuk mengintegrasikan perencanaan dan pengelolaan di sebuah kawasan, termasuk seluruh permukaan darat dan laut serta lahan pribadi dan public, untuk memperlakukan zona pesisir (termasuk DAS) sebagai sebuah kesatuan biofisik.

Contoh PROGRAM ICZM lokal Coastal Zone Management in Banten Bay Indonesia Develop Banten Bay MIS (Monitoring and Management Information System) Focus : Marine Ecosystems (seagrass, coral reef, biard sanctuary) Threat : rapidly industrialising

iczm d. I t. ELUK b. ANTEN • Mengidentifikasi fungsi sistem abiotik dan ekosistem pantai sebagai aktor utama • Memodelkan arah, proses, dan interaksi antara ekosistem laut, sumberdaya alam, dan aktivitas manusia • Mengembangkan Banten Bay MIS untuk perencana dan pengambil keputusan dalam kerangka kerja yang layak untuk pengelolaan pesisir • Empasis : ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Another story? • Bokori Island Management Plan • See : Rahmawati, D. 2017. Small Island Development in Bokori Bahteramas, Southeast Sulawesi. (in Indonesian)

Acuan Kebijakan • Kepmen Kelautan dan Perikanan No. 10/2002 tentang Pengelolaan (Pedoman Umum Perencanaan Pengelolaan Pesisir Terpadu) • UU 27/2007 tentang Pengelolaan Pesisir Terpadu Acuan REFERENSI • Review of Integrated Coastal Zone; Management and Principals of Best Practice. CMRC.