Insecticide Resistance Action Committee Understanding Insecticide Mode of

Insecticide Resistance Action Committee Understanding Insecticide Mode of Action in Crop Protection Strategies Caydee Savinelli Annual Crop Protection School, 2015

Click to edit Resistance Master title style Insect • Experts estimate that there are over 500 species of insects and mites known to be resistant to at least one class of pesticide. • Every major agricultural crop and ornamental has one or more resistant pests. • In addition to synthetic chemicals, pests can develop resistance to insecticidal soaps, B. t. and even pheromone disruption. 2

Click. Resistance to edit Master. Mechanisms title style Insect • Target Site Resistance Ø The target site is where the insecticide acts in the insect. Ø May be genetically modified to prevent the insecticide binding or interacting at its site of action – reduces the effect of the insecticide. • Metabolic Resistance Ø Metabolic resistance is the most common mechanism. Ø Resistant insects may detoxify or destroy the toxin faster than susceptible insects, or quickly rid their bodies of the toxic molecules. Ø Insects use their internal enzyme systems to break down insecticides. v Resistant strains may possess higher levels or more efficient forms of these enzymes. 3

Click. Resistance to edit Master. Mechanisms title style Insect • Penetration Resistance Ø Outer cuticle of the insect slows the absorption of a broad range of chemicals. Ø Penetration resistance is often present along with other forms of resistance. • Behavioral Resistance Ø Resistant insects may detect or recognize a danger and avoid the toxin. Ø This mechanism of resistance has been reported for several classes of insecticides, including organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids. 4

Clicklevel to edit title style What is the of. Master arthropod resistance? • Over 550 species of arthropods are resistant to pesticides Ø 88% insects, 12% mites • Most of those insects come from 4 groups: Ø Coleoptera (Beetles) Ø Diptera (Flies) Ø Hemiptera (Sucking Bugs) Ø Lepidoptera (Moths & Butterflies) • 60%+ of all resistant arthropods are agricultural pests • Rest are: Ø animal health (ticks and lice) Ø public health (flies, mosquitoes, cockroaches) Ø stored product pests (grain beetles) Ø non-target organisms (predatory mites) Source: Arthropod Pesticide Resistance Database – Michigan State University

Click. Resistant to edit Master title style. Arthropods Leading Global Agricultural Common Name Species Order No. active ingredients Two Spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae Acari 79 Diamondback Moth Plutella xylostella Lepidoptera 76 Green Peach Aphid Myzus persicae Hemiptera 68 Colorado Potato Beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata Coleoptera 48 Silverleaf Whitefly Bemisia tabaci Hemiptera 39 European Red Mite Panonychus ulmi Acari 38 Cotton Aphid Aphis gossypii Hemiptera 37 Cotton Bollworm Helicoverpa armigera Lepidoptera 33 Tobacco Budworm Heliothis virescens Lepidoptera 33 Egyptian Cotton Leafworm Spodoptera littoralis Lepidoptera 30 Source: Arthropod Pesticide Resistance Database – Michigan State University

Does insecticide resistance mean Click to edit Master title stylethe total loss of insecticides? • With current agricultural practices, the development of insecticide resistance is inevitable. • However, even though there is resistance, this does not mean the insecticide is no longer effective. • With crop protection insecticides, it is possible to manage resistance and maintain susceptibility. 7

to edit Master titleto style Are some Click insects more prone resistance ? • Common claim that some insects are more prone to resistance development than others. • Exposure to insecticide is key factor. • Some insects, do appear to develop resistance faster than other species, even if insecticide exposure is the same. 8

Clickat to high edit Master title resistance? style Are mites risk for • 20 acaricide modes of action (Mo. As) • Two spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) has developed resistance mechanisms against 17 Mo. As • Many populations have resistance to multiple Mo. As • Resistance develops rapidly in green houses Ø Closed environment (limited gene flow) Ø All year production Ø High value crops – low tolerance of pest Ø Mites - High fecundity, Short generation time • Resistance in field crops generally slower 9

IRM Click to Implementation edit Master title style Key Groups IRAC Industry Insecticides or Traits University EPA 10

Insecticide Management Click to. Resistance edit Master title style IRAC’s Role • IRAC-US is a task force affiliated to Crop. Life America. Ø IRAC is comprised of scientists representing many companies which develop and market agricultural chemicals Ø Allows companies to effectively pool resources on IRM-related issues; especially, with related chemistries or traits. Ø Individual companies do not have the resources to carry out all aspects of IRM - Collecting & Monitoring • Gains alignment on IRM recommendations and educational messages • Serves as a coordinating group for outlining methodologies for resistance surveys • Provides funding to address emerging resistance issues Ø i. e. – Soybean looper

Click to edit Master title style IRAC Website - www. irac-online. org

Insecticide Management Click to. Resistance edit Master title style Industry View • Resistance, real or perceived, can greatly diminish the value of products in the marketplace Ø Increase in number & frequency of applications Ø Product non-performance complaints go up and farmer confidence goes down • Resistance reduces the effective life of a product Ø Shorter product life will lower the return on investment Ø With discovery and registration costs of $200 -350 million and development timelines of 8 -15 years, it is important to maintain the current products in the market. • Resistance management is an important component of product stewardship 13

Insecticide Management Click to. Resistance edit Master title style Industry’s Role • Expertise Ø Research & Development, Registration, Product Stewardship • Interactions Ø RACS, Universities, Consultants, IPM Centers, Customers • Labels Ø Mode of Action Labeling Ø Effective rates and use patterns to minimize selection pressure Ø Resistance Management Guidance

Click edit Master title style Mode ofto. Action Classification • All products have been assigned to groups based on their mode of action: Ø i. e. pyrethroids are Group 3; Neonicotinoids are Group 4 A, Spinosad is Group 5, Diamides are Group 28 • Product labels include the number corresponding to the mode of action group. • The aim is to help product users make better decisions such as product rotations or tank mixing.

Click to edit Master title style Growth & Development Targets Respiration Targets q Group 7 - Juvenile hormone mimics q Group 12 - Inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP q Group 10 - Mite growth inhibitors synthesis q Group 15 - Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis q Group 13 - Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation q Group 16 - Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis q Group 20 - Mitochondrial complex III electron q Group 17 - Molting disruptor q Group 18 - Ecdysone agonists / molting disruptors transport inhibitors q Group 21 - Mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors q Group 23 - Inhibitors of acetyl Co. A Nerve & Muscle Targets carboxylase q Group 25 - Mitochondrial complex II electron q Group 1 - Acetylcholinesterase (ACh. E) inhibitors - transport inhibitors 1 A Carbamates, 1 B Organophosphates q Group 2 - GABA-gated chloride channel antagonists 2 A Cyclodiene Organochlorines, 2 B Phenylpyrazoles q Group 3 - Sodium channel modulators 3 A Pyrethrins, Pyrethroids q Group 4 - Acetylcholine receptor (n. ACh. R) agonists 4 A Neonicotinoids, 4 C Sulfoxaflor, 4 D Flupyradifurone q Group 5 - Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel agonists Spinosyns q Group 6 - Chloride channel activators - Avermectins q Group 9 - Modulators of Chordotonal Organs q Group 14 - Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel blockers q Group 19 - Octopamine receptor agonists q Group 22 - Voltage dependent sodium channel blockers q Group 28 - Ryanodine receptor modulators - Diamides Midgut Targets q Group 11 Microbial disruptors of insect midgut membranes 11 A Bacillus thuringiensis, 11 B Bacillus sphaericus

IRM Plan Click. IRAC-US to edit Master title style Plant Protection Insecticides • Determine insecticide mode of action. • Establish the baseline susceptibility of key high-resistance-risk pests prior to and/or in the early years of commercialization. • Include mode of action group on product labels. • Provide resistance management recommendations on product labels. • Encourage use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices by growers. • Develop educational literature for growers, researchers and extension agents to increase resistance management awareness, particularly at the grower level. • Monitor product performance over a wide range of geographies and observe or track changes in the susceptibility of pest populations over time. 17

Click to edit Master title style Insecticide Mixture Statement

Click to edit Master title style Insecticide Mixture Statement • Insecticide Mixtures Ø Mainly used for pest management • Insecticide mixture considerations Ø Active ingredients, use patterns, targeted pest complex. • Mixtures of insecticides provide technical advantages for controlling pests Ø Increases level of target pest control Ø Increases the spectrum 19

Click to edit Master title style Insecticide Mixture Statement • All of the following should be considered when using mixtures for IRM: Ø Individual insecticides in mixtures should be highly effective & applied at effective rates. Ø Mixtures with components having the same IRAC mode of action classification are not recommended for IRM. Ø When using mixtures, consider cross-resistance issues between the individual components for the targeted pest/s. 20

Insecticide Click to. Resistance edit Master Management title style EPA’s Role • For conventional pesticides, EPA has historically relied on voluntary measures to encourage proactive resistance management by pesticide users. • Agency-approved labels are an important tool, but resistance management labeling is voluntary (not mandatory for registrants). • Bt Plant-Incorporated Protectants (PIPs) – a special case: Ø EPA places a high value on preserving the significant agricultural and environmental benefits of Bt PIPs Ø EPA requires an Insect Resistance Management (IRM) plan for each registered Bt crop. • IRAC-US has provided a list of key pests with high potential for resistance and an insecticide resistance management plan to EPA 21

Insecticide Management Click to. Resistance edit Master title style University’s Role • Lead or participate in the development of IRM plans • Provide education and lead implementation of IRM plans in respective geographies for the growers and crop consultants. • Monitor susceptibility of insects of concern. • Provide feedback to companies on successes and challenges with IRM plans. 22

Neonicotinoid & Implementation Click to. IRM edit. Plan Master title style Bemisia tabaci – Arizona/California vs. Florida • Single Host Crop Arizona / California • Multiple Host Crops Ø Tomato Ø Vegetables, Melons, Cotton • Tomato Season - August through May • Crops grown throughout the year. 23

Neonicotinoid & Implementation Click to. IRM edit. Plan Master title style Bemisia tabaci – Arizona/California vs. Florida • IRM Plan Development Ø Led by university extension entomologists Ø Team – Chemical Companies, Crop Consultants, Grower Groups, Commodity Groups • IRM Plan Implementation Ø Newsletters Ø Meetings • Success Measurements Ø Susceptibility monitoring Ø Grower adoption surveys 24

Neonicotinoid & Implementation Click to. IRM edit. Plan Master title style Bemisia tabaci – Arizona/California vs. Florida AZ / CA Recommendations FL Recommendations • Guidelines based on the cropping system • Cultural Controls Ø Crop Hygiene Ø Tomato free period • Neonicotinoids Ø Application Method & Timing • Neonicotinoid Uses 25

IRM Plan & Implementation Click to edit Master title style Diamide Insecticides • IRAC Diamide Working Groups Ø Formed before registration of MOA Group 28 products Ø Global Alignment on IRM for Diamides • Identified key insects of concern – U. S. Insect Scientific Name Crop Diamondback Moth Plutella xylostella Brassicas Beet Armyworm Spodoptera exigua Vegetables Codling Moth Cydia pomonella Pome Fruit Colorado Potato Beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata Potato 26

IRM Plan & Implementation Click to edit Master title style Diamide Insecticides – IRAC-US Diamide WG • Labels - Mo. A Symbol, Resistance Management Language • Collaborate with University Research & Extension Ø Develop best management guidelines for IRM Ø Literature pieces Ø Address emerging issues 27

Click to edit Master title style Summary • Industry is motivated to have insect resistance management as part of our product stewardship efforts in order to protect the life of our products. • IRAC is the industry task force used to create IRM guidelines, educate and promote the value of insect resistance management in crop production, ornamentals and public health. • In order for insect resistance management to be successful, we need cooperation from all stakeholders!