The 8051 Microcontroller Chapter 4 TIMER OPERATION Timer

The 8051 Microcontroller Chapter 4 TIMER OPERATION

• Timer is a series of divide-by-2 flip-flops that receive an input signal as a clocking source. The clock is applied to the first flip-flop, which divides the clock frequency by 2. The output of the first flip-flop clocks the second flip-flop, which also divides by 2, and so on. • Timer with n stages divides the input clock frequency by 2. The output of the last stage clocks a timer overflow flip-flop, or flag, which is tested by software or generates an interrupt. The binary value in the timer flip-flops can be thought of as a "count" of the number of clock pulses (or "events") since the timer was started. 2

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• There are two 16 -bit timers each with four modes of operation. A third 16 -bit timer with three modes of operation is added on the 8052. • The timers are used for • (a) interval timing, • (b) event counting, or • (c) baud rate generation for the built-in serial port. 4

• In interval timing applications, a timer is programmed to overflow at a regular interval and set the timer overflow flag. • The flag is used to synchronize the program to perform an action such as checking the state of inputs or sending data to outputs. Other applications can use the regular clocking of the timer to measure the elapsed time between two conditions (e. g. , pulse width measurements). 5

• Event counting is used to determine the number of occurrences of an event, rather than to measure the elapsed time between events. • An "event" is any external stimulus that provides a 1 -to-0 transition to a pin on the 8051 IC. • The timers can also provide the baud rate clock for the 8051's internal serial port. 6

• The 8051 timers are accessed using six special function registers. • An additional five SFRs provide access to the third timer in the 8052. 7

TIMER MODE REGISTER (TMOD) • Contains two groups of four bits that set the operating mode for Timer 0 and Timer 1 • Not bit-addressable • Loaded once by software at the beginning of a program • The timer can be stopped, started, and so on by accessing the other timer SFRs. 8

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TIMER CONTROL REGISTER (TCON) • Contains status and control bits for Timer 0 and Timer 1 • The upper four bits in TCON (TCON. 4 TCON. 7) are used to turn the timers on and off (TR 0, TR 1), or to signal a timer overflow (TF 0, TF 1). • The lower four bits in TCON (TCON. 0 TCON. 3) are used to detect and initiate external interrupts. 10

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TIMER MODES AND THE OVERFLOW FLAG • • 13 -Bit Timer Mode (Mode 0) 16 -Bit Timer Mode (Mode 1) 8 -Bit Auto-Reload Mode (Mode 2) Split Timer Mode (Mode 3) 12

13 -Bit Timer Mode (Mode 0) • Mode 0 is a 13 -bit timer mode that provides compatibility with the 8051's predecessor, the 8048. • It is not generally used in new designs. • The timer high-byte (THx) is cascaded with the five leastsignificant bits of the timer low-byte (TLx) to form a 13 -bit timer. 13

16 -Bit Timer Mode (Mode 1) • A 16 -bit timer mode • The clock is applied to the combined high and low timer registers (TLx/THx). • An overflow occurs on the FFFFH-to-0000 H transition of the count and sets the timer overflow flag. • Overflow flag is the TFx bit in TCON 14

8 -Bit Auto-Reload Mode (Mode 2) • 8 -bit auto-reload mode • The timer low-byte (TLx) operates as an 8 -bit timer while the timer high-byte (THx) holds a reload value. • When the count overflows from FFH, not only is the timer flag set, but the value in THx is loaded into TLx. 15

Split Timer Mode (Mode 3) • Mode 3 is the split timer mode and is different for each timer. • Timer 0 in mode 3 is split into two 8 -bit timers. • TL 0 and TH 0 act as separate timers with overflows setting the TF 0 and TFI bits respectively. • Timer 1 is stopped in mode 3 but can be started by switching it into one of the other modes. The only limitation is that the usual Timer I overflow flag, TF 1, is not affected by Timer 1 overflows, since it is connected to TH 0. • The 8051 appears to have a third timer. • Timer 1 can be turned on and off by switching it out of and into its own mode 3. It can still be used by the serial port as a baud rate generator, or it can be used in any way not requiring interrupts. 16

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CLOCKING SOURCES • There are two possible clock sources, selected by writing to the counter/timer (C/T ) bit in TMOD when the timer is initialized. • One clocking source is used for interval timing, the other for event counting. 18

Interval Timing • If C/T= 0, continuous timer operation is selected and the timer is clocked from the on-chip oscillator. • A divide-by-12 stage is added to reduce the clocking frequency to a value reasonable for most applications. • The timer registers (TLx/THx) increment at a rate of 1/12 th the frequency of the on-chip oscillator; • A 12 MHz crystal would yield a clock rate of 1 MHz. 19

Event Counting • If C/T= 1, the timer is clocked from an external source. • In most applications, this external source supplies the timer with a pulse upon the occurrence of an "event" - the timer is event counting. • The number of events is determined in software by reading the timer registers TLx/THx • Port 3 bit 4 (P 3. 4) serves as the external clocking input for Timer 0 and is known as "TO" in this context. P 3. 5, or "T 1, " is the clocking input for Timer 1. 20

• The timer registers are incremented in response to a 1 -to-0 transition at the external input, Tx • The external input is sampled during S 5 P 2 of every machine cycle; thus, when the input shows a high in one cycle and a low in the next, the count is incremented. • The new value appears in the timer registers during S 3 P 1 of the cycle following the one in which the transition is detected. • Since it takes two machine cycles (2 μs) to recognize a 1 -to-0 transition, the maximum external frequency is 500 k. Hz (assuming 12 MHz operation). 21

STARTING, STOPPING, AND CONTROLLING THE TIMERS • The simplest method for starting and stopping the timers is with the run-control bit, TRx, in TCON. • TRx is clear after a system reset; thus, the timers are disabled (stopped) by default. • TRx is in the bit-addressable register TCON 22

• Another method for controlling the timers is with the GATE bit in TMOD and the external input INTx. • Setting GATE = 1 allows the timer to be controlled by INTx. • This is useful for pulse width measurements. • Assume INT 0 is low but pulses high for a period of time to be measured. • Initialize Timer 0 for mode 2, 16 -bit timer mode, with TL 0/TH 0 = 0000 H, GATE = 1, and TR 0 = 1. • When INT 0 goes high, the timer is "gated on" and is clocked at a rate of 1 MHz. • When INT 0 goes low, the timer is "gated off" and the duration of the pulse in microseconds is the count in TL 0/TH 0. • INT 0 can be programmed to generate an interrupt when it returns low. 23

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INITIALIZING AND ACCESSING TIMER REGISTERS • Timers are usually initialized once at the beginning of a program • Within the body of a program, the timers are started, stopped, flag bits tested and cleared, timer registers read or updated, and so on • TMOD is the first register initialized • Timer does not actually begin timing until its run control bit, TRx, is set • If an initial count is necessary, the timer registers TL 1/TH 1 must also be initialized • 100 μs interval could be timed by initializing TLl/TH 1 to 100 counts less than 0000 H. The correct value is -100 or FF 9 CH. • Timer is then started by setting the run control bit • Software can sit in a "wait loop" using a conditional branch instruction that returns to itself as long as the overflow flag is not set: WAIT: JNB TFl, WAIT • When the timer overflows, it is necessary to stop the timer and clear the overflow flag in software: CLR TR 1 CLR TF 1 25

Reading a Timer “on the Fly” • Potential problem that is simple to guard against in software. • Since two timer registers must be read, a "phase error" may occur if the low-byte overflows into the high-byte between the two read operations. • The solution is to read the high-byte first, then the lowbyte, and then read the high-byte again. AGAIN: MOV A, TH 1 MOV R 6, TL 1 CJNE A, TH 1, AGAIN MOV R 7, A 26

SHORT INTERVALS AND LONG INTERVALS • The shortest possible interval is limited, not by the timer clock frequency, but by software. • Presumably, something must occur at regular intervals, and it is the duration of instructions that limit this for very short intervals. 27

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• Moderate-length intervals are easily obtained using 8 -bit autoreload mode, mode 2. Since the timed interval is set by an 8 -bit count, the longest possible interval before overflow is 28 = 256 μs. 29

• Timed intervals longer than 256 μs must use 16 -bit timer mode, mode 1. The longest delay is 216 = 65, 536 μs or about 0. 066 seconds. The inconvenience of mode 1 is that the timer registers must be reinitialized after each overflow, whereas reloading is automatic in mode 2. 30

• Intervals longer than 0. 066 seconds can be achieved by cascading Timer 0 and Timer 1 through software, but this ties up both timers. A more practical approach uses one of the timers in 16 -bit mode with a software loop counting overflows. The desired operation is performed every n overflows. 31

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8052 TIMER 2 • Five extra special-function registers are added to accommodate Timer 2. • The timer registers, TL 2 and TH 2 • The timer control register, T 2 CON • The capture registers, RCAP 2 L and RCAP 2 H. • Can operate as an interval timer or event counter. • The clocking source is provided internally by the on-chip oscillator, or externally by T 2, the alternate function of Port 1 bit 0 (P 1. 0) • Three modes of operation: auto-reload, capture, and baud rate generator. 33

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Auto-Reload Mode • CP/RL 2 = 0 • TL 2/TH 2 are the timer registers, and RCAP 2 L/RCAP 2 H hold the reload value • Timer 2 is always a full 16 -bit timer, even in auto-reload mode. • Reload occurs on an FFFFH-to-0000 H transition in TL 2/TH 2 and sets the Timer 2 flag, TF 2. This condition is determined by software or is programmed to generate an interrupt. Either way, TF 2 must be cleared by software before it is set again. • By setting EXEN 2 in T 2 CON, a reload also occurs on the 1 -to-0 transition of the signal applied to pin T 2 EX (P 1. 1) • A 1 -to-0 transition on T 2 EX also sets a new flag bit in Timer 2, EXF 2. • EXF 2 is tested by software or generates an interrupt. EXF 2 must be cleared by software. 35

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Capture Mode • CP/RL 2 = 1 • The TF 2 bit set upon an FFFFH-to-0000 H transition of the value in TL 2/TH 2. The state of TF 2 is tested by software or generates an interrupt. • To enable the capture feature, the EXEN 2 bit in T 2 CON must be set. • If EXEN 2 = 1, a 1 -to-0 transition on T 2 EX (P 1. 1) "captures" the value in timer registers TL 2/TH 2 by clocking it into registers RCAP 2 L and RCAP 2 H. The EXF 2 flag in T 2 CON is also set and, as stated above, is tested by software or generates an interrupt. 37

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BAUD RATE GENERATION • Another use of the timers is to provide the baud rate clock for the on-chip serial port. • This comes by way of Timer 1 on the 8051 IC or Timer 1 and/or Timer 2 on the 8052 IC. 39