Heteroptera Auchenorrhyncha Coleorrhyncha Paraneoptera 10 of insect species

Heteroptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Coleorrhyncha

Paraneoptera • ~10% of insect species (>120 k species) • Monophyly confirmed! denied(Johnson et al. , PNAS, 2018) • Chewing -> piercing mouthparts • Originally detritus > plant feeding -> predation -> plant feeding

Hemiptera • 97 k – 103 k known species • Small to large insects • Mostly terrestrial (x some Heteroptera) • Mostly herbivorous (x some Heteroptera) • Piercing-sucking mouthparts

Hemiptera • Monophyly suspected for a loooong time, confirmed severel times recently (Johnson et al. , PNAS, 2018; Li et al. , Proceedings B, 2017)

„Homoptera“ • Auchenorrhyncha + Sternorrhyncha (+ Coleorrhyncha? ? ? ) • First pair of wings not modified (x Heteroptera) • Opisthognathous head (x Heteroptera) • Herbivorous (x polyphagy in Heteroptera)

Hemiptera – main common feature • • • Piercing – sucking mouthparts 2 pairs of sclerotized mandibular and maxillary stylets Lying in 1 -5 segmented labium Food and salivary canals in-between maxillary stylets Cibarium - sucking pump

Sternorrhyncha • This is a story for another time…

Coleorrhyncha • Moss bugs • Moss feeding, slow moving • Gondwana distribution (Australia, NZ, New Caledonia, South America) • ~25 species in 12 genera, 1 extant family (Peloridiidae) • Small (2 -5 mm) • Opisthognathous head, posteroventral mouthparts, flightless (except one species), forewing held flat above abdomen when at rest, prothorax with paranota, small 3 -segmented antennae, hyaline tegmina

Coleorrhyncha • Relations to other Hemiptera = „The elephant in the room“ • Sister to Heteroptera (wing structure + musculature (btw PROBLEMS)) x Auchenorrhyncha (head structure + mouthparts position) • Sister to Auchenorrhyncha confirmed! • Head + base of wing similarity to Auchenorrhyncha

Auchenorrhyncha • ~42 k species (30 -40 families) (580 ČR) • Cosmopolitan • Small to large insects (mostly small) • Opisthognathous mouthparts (neck-beaks) • Short slender antennae • Wings entirely membranous (or leathery), folded roof like at rest • Species actively jumping (x Cicadidae) • Two primary groups • 1) Fulgoromorpha • 2) Cicadomorpha

Auchenorrhyncha • Tymbal organs for sound/vibration production • Universally used for mate finding • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=al 3 vr 3 Os. Csc

Auchenorrhyncha

Cicadomorpha • Cicadomorpha • Antenal pedicelus not larger than scapus • Filtrating chamber (xylem) • Nymphs not coated in wax • Fulgoromorpha • Pedicelus swollen, larger then scapus • Nymphs coated in wax

Cicadoidea ~3, 000 species 3 ocelli Larvae fossorial (modified front legs) • Mostly xylem sucking • • Cicadidae -> annual or periodical species (13 or 17) years cycles -> strongest songs -> cosmpolitan -> in ČR: Tibicina haematodes Cicadetta tibialis Cicadetta montana Cicadomorpha Tettigarctidae -> mostly extinct primitive cicadas

Cicadomorpha • Cercopoidea • ~2, 500 species (330 genera) • Hind tibia short, cylindrical with 1 -2 strong lateral spurs, and flared apical pecten • Xylem and phloem sucking • Nymphs sucking from plants and protecting themselves with „spits“

Cicadomorpha • Cercopoidea Cercopidae -> ~1, 360 species (4 in ČR) -> eyes circular from above, hind margin of pronotum straight or slightly curved -> nymphs in spits on plants Aphrophoridae -> ~990 species (5 in ČR) -> eyes rather oval from above, hind margin of pronotum W shaped -> nymphs in spits in ground

Cicadomorpha • Cercopoidea Macherotidae -> old world tropics (+ Australia) -> long spur from pronotum

Cicadomorpha • Membracoidea • > 24 k species • Hind tibia long, bearing row of mobile spines • Phloem or Xylem

Cicadomorpha • Membracoidea Membracidae -> ~3, 200 species -> pronotum enlarged (and by this I mean ENlarged)

Cicadomorpha • Membracoidea Cicadellidae -> >20 k species -> pronotum boring, I mean, not enlarged

Fulgoromorpha • > 12, 500 species (> 20 families) Delphacidae -> ~2 k species -> hind tibia with large movable spur Cixiidae -> ~2 k species

Fulgoromorpha Issidae -> ~ 1 k species Tettigometridae -> ~120 species Achilidae -> ~ 520 species Tropiduchidae -> ~600 species Dictyopharidae -> ~760 species

Fulgoromorpha Fulgoridae -> large > 1. 5 cm species -> no bioluminiscence though… -> head protrusions defensive? (at least native people are scared of them) Flatidae

Heteroptera ~40 k species (~900 in ČR) in !73! families Small to large insects Cosmopolitan Prognathous head Wings held over abdomen when at rest First pair of wings partly sclerotized (hemielytrae) Complex scent gland system (ventral in adults, dorsal in nymphs) • Terrestrial, semi-aquatic and aquatic (legs modification) • Phytophagous, predatory (legs modification), bloodsucking • •

Heteroptera

Heteroptera

Heteroptera

Heteroptera

Dipsocoromorpha • • ~300 species Small (0. 5 – 4 mm) Long hairy whip-like antennae On ground, in leaf litter Dipsocoridae -> 51 species (3 in central Europe -> 1 st and 2 nd antenal segment short, 3 rd and 4 th long, covered in hairs

Dipsocoromorpha Stemmocryptidae -> 1 species -> resembles Collembola -> described by Štys from PNG

Enicocephalomorpha • > 130 species • Small to medium (1 – 1. 7 mm) • Head transversally bilobated • Fore legs raptorial -> predators in leaf litter under stones, etc. • Mostly sub- and tropical, but reaching sub antarctic island (penguine and albatros nests)

Gerromorpha • ~ 1, 7 k species • Polyphagous, predators, scavengers • Solitery predators (Hydrometridae, Hebridae) x gregarious (Gerridae, Veliidae) • Conspicuously long and slender legs • Ventral part of body covered in fine hairs • Tarsal claws often before apex of tarsus • Living on water surface or near water, or on aquatic plants

Hydrometridae -> ~115 species -> long and slender -> head long cylindrical Gerromorpha Gerridae -> ~ 620 species -> head not longer than wide -> Halobates -> sea species

Gerromorpha

Gerromorpha Hebridae -> ~150 species -> 5 -segmented antennae Mesoveliidae -> ~40 species -> coxae of all legs almost touching Veliidae -> ~720 species -> hind femurs not overreaching the abdomen

Nepomorpha • ~ 2 k species • Mostly medium to large sized • Mostly predatory (leg modification) • Aquatic (breathing underwater modifications) • Antennae not visible from above

Nepidae -> ~250 species -> visible breathing siphon from abdomen Nepomorpha Belastomidae -> 14 species -> 2 retractable short respiratory filaments from abdomen -> parental care (M) Gelastocoridae -> 100 species -> riparian, eadges of water bodies -> leaping on their prey

Corixidae -> 500 species -> head looks opistognathous -> front tarsi short, hair-cover, used for finding prey in mud (palae) -> air beneath wing casis Nepomorpha Naucoridae -> 22 species -> like Belastomidae, but smaller -> active predators -> plastron Notonectidae -> 350 species -> back swimmers -> air trapped in fringes of abdonem

Leptopodomorpha • • ~380 species Very large eyes, almost whole side of head Semi- to fully aquatic Predatory Saldidae -> ~350 species -> ovoid in outline -> very agile, jumping

Cimicomorpha • ~21 k species • Forewing often with costal and medial fracture • Hindwing with developed subcosta, radius and media fused distally • Labium often joining head anteriorly • Lack of spermatheca • Predators, blood-suckers, herbivores

Cimicomorpha Polyctenidae -> 32 species -> blood-sucking on bats Cimicidae -> ~90 species -> wingless -> blood-sucking on mammals, specialization -> traumatic insemination Athocoridae -> 500 -600 species -> cuneus + ocelli -> predators

Cimicomorpha Nabidae -> >500 species -> predators, holding prey with fore legs -> soft body Reduviidae -> >7 k species -> predators, blood-sucking (Triatominae) -> narrow neck, sturdy build, thick rostrum -> their sting hurts, A LOT

Cimicomorpha Tingidae -> ~ 2 k species -> tiny, herbivorous -> wings and pronotum resemble laces Miridae -> >10 k species -> cuneus but no ocelli -> humped appearance -> herbivorous

Pentatomomorpha • >14 k species • Fore wing without costal fracture • Hind wing with radius and median not distally fused, subcosta not developed • Phytophagous (or Mycetophagous)

Pentatomomorpha Aradidae -> ~2 k species -> conspicuously flattened -> under bark, in leaf litter -> mycetophagous Termitaphididae -> 12 species -> extremely minute -> in termite nests Pyrrhocoridae -> 300 species -> no ocelli

Pentatomomorpha Lygaeidae -> ~4, 3 k species? -> ocelli Berytidae -> >50 species -> very long and slender legs -> some sap suckers, some feeding on mites and small insects (using legs in raptorial manner) Coreidae -> >1, 9 k species -> ocelli -> series of longitudinal accesory veins in membraneous part of forewing

Pentatomomorpha Pentatomidae -> 4, 7 k species -> 5 -segmented antennae -> very large scutellum Acanthosomatidae -> ~200 species -> less sclerotised -> tarsi 2 -segmented Scutelleridae -> 450 species -> scutellum over abdonem and wings