CHAPTER 41 Order Hymenoptera Introduction to Insect Biology

CHAPTER 41 Order Hymenoptera Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

A thread-waisted wasp, Ammophila sp. (Sphecidae), using a pebble to close its nest burrow. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 41. 1 Diversity of Hymenoptera Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 41. 2 Lateral aspect of pterothorax of Apis mellifera, the honey bee. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 41. 3 Structural features of Hymenoptera Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 41. 4 Postures of female wasps during oviposition. a, Ichneumonidae; b, Chalcididae. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 41. 5 Larvae of Hymenoptera: a, eruciform larva of Symphyta (Diprionidae, Neodiprion lecontei); b, apodous larva of Apocrita (Apidae, Xylocopa virginica). Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 41. 6 First-instar larvae of parasitoid Hymenoptera Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 41. 7 a, Wings of Siricidae (Tremex); b, wings of Tenthredinidae (Tenthredo); c, wings of Argidae (Arge dulciana); d, wings of Xyelidae (Macroxylea ferruginea). Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 41. 8 Taxonomic characters of Hymenoptera, Symphyta: a, b, dorsal aspects of pronota of Xiphydriidae and Anaxyelidae, respectively. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc.