GPC 355 Special Education History of Special Education

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GPC 355 Special Education History of Special Education Unit 2 Dean Owen, Ph. D.

GPC 355 Special Education History of Special Education Unit 2 Dean Owen, Ph. D. , LPCC METU-NCC Spring 2014

Plan for the day 1. Collection of assignments 1. Plagiarism Certificates 2. Academic honesty

Plan for the day 1. Collection of assignments 1. Plagiarism Certificates 2. Academic honesty declarations 2. Orientation toward the disabled 3. History of Special Education 4. Assignment for 3 March

OTD 1. My heart goes out to people in wheelchairs 2. I feel sympathetic

OTD 1. My heart goes out to people in wheelchairs 2. I feel sympathetic toward the visually impaired SA A U D SD 3. I assume that people with disabilities deserve special consideration SA A U D SD 4. People with physical disabilities are more limited than people with emotional disabilities. SA A U D SD 1. People who look or act differently scare me. SA A U D SD

OTD 6. I sometimes think that people who claim to have emotional problems are

OTD 6. I sometimes think that people who claim to have emotional problems are faking it. SA A U D SD 7. Sometimes feel that people with disabilities have been punished by God for something they did. SA A U D SD 8. I tend to talk with people with disabilities in a different tone of voice. SA A U D SD 9. I tend to be more patient with people with disabilities SA A U D SD 10. I get uncomfortable around people with disability. SA A U D SD

OTD Please take a few minutes and write down any experiences you have had

OTD Please take a few minutes and write down any experiences you have had with disabled people.

A Dark Past The history of special education must begin with the history of

A Dark Past The history of special education must begin with the history of disability……. and that begins with the history of humans……. .

Since the beginning of time it may be surmised that there was disability. Injury

Since the beginning of time it may be surmised that there was disability. Injury

There have always been those who were born different. How they were treated depended

There have always been those who were born different. How they were treated depended upon the values and beliefs of the culture into which they were born…. .

Evidence from Prehistory A 4000 year old skeleton found in burial 9 at a

Evidence from Prehistory A 4000 year old skeleton found in burial 9 at a site called Man Bac in northern Vietnam was of a young man, aged about 20 years, who most likely had been paralyzed from birth from the waist down due to a congenital disease (Klippel-Feil Syndrome). Despite this horrific condition the man obviously lived for two decades thus indicating the existence of a caring and supportive culture. Read more: http: //www. care 2. com/causes/ancient-bones-acts-ofkindness-eons-ago. html#ixzz 2 ts. ZXDZu. E

Evidence from Prehistory 45, 000 years ago, a Neanderthal, Shanidar 1, lived to the

Evidence from Prehistory 45, 000 years ago, a Neanderthal, Shanidar 1, lived to the age of 50 in what is now modernday Iraq though one of his arms had been amputated, one of his eyes lacked vision and he had sustained other injuries.

Evidence from Prehistory 10, 000 years ago, Romito 2 lived until he was a

Evidence from Prehistory 10, 000 years ago, Romito 2 lived until he was a teenager; his skeleton shows that he had a form of severe dwarfism that meant his arms were very short. He was therefore unable to live by hunting and gathering among his people, who “would have had to accept” what he could not do. Site in northern in Italy. Nature 330, 60 - 62 (05 November 1987); doi: 10. 1038/330060 a 0

Evidence from Prehistory 7, 500 years ago, Windover boy in Florida lived to the

Evidence from Prehistory 7, 500 years ago, Windover boy in Florida lived to the age of 15 though he was born with spina bifida, a severe congenital spinal malformation.

Evidence from Prehistory These and many other archeological finds suggest that disability was a

Evidence from Prehistory These and many other archeological finds suggest that disability was a common reality for early man and that there were cultures that provided care and support in ways that allowed individuals to live far longer than might be expected.

Evidence from Early History Ancient History Sourcebook: The Twelve Tables, c. 450 BCE Ancient

Evidence from Early History Ancient History Sourcebook: The Twelve Tables, c. 450 BCE Ancient Roman Law. . 2. On the third market day let them divide his body among them. If they cut more or less than each one's share it shall be no crime. 3. Against a foreigner the right in property shall be valid forever. Table IV. 1. A dreadfully deformed child shall be quickly killed. 2. If a father sell his son three times, the son shall be free from his father.

3500 BC The Rig-Veda, an ancient sacred poem of India, is said to be

3500 BC The Rig-Veda, an ancient sacred poem of India, is said to be the first written record of a prosthesis. Written in Sanskrit between 3500 and 1800 B. C. , it recounts the story of a warrior, Queen Vishpla, who lost her leg in battle, was fitted with an iron prosthesis, and returned to battle.

355 BCE “those born deaf become senseless and incapable of reason. “ Aristotle The

355 BCE “those born deaf become senseless and incapable of reason. “ Aristotle The beginning of discrimination? ? Probably not.

218 BC Marcus Sergius, a Roman general who led his legion against Carthage (presently

218 BC Marcus Sergius, a Roman general who led his legion against Carthage (presently Tunis) in the Second Punic War, sustained 23 injuries and a right arm amputation. An iron hand was fashioned to hold his shield and he was able to go back to battle. He was denied a chance to be a priest because one needed two normal hands.

Tamerlane - derived from his nickname Timur the Lame - rose from obscurity to

Tamerlane - derived from his nickname Timur the Lame - rose from obscurity to become a 14 th Century conqueror of nations, who piled high the skulls of his enemies. It was quite a feat at a time when physical prowess was prized. Source: BBC News 4 n December, 2012

In medieval England, the disabled were a highly visible presence in everyday life. People

In medieval England, the disabled were a highly visible presence in everyday life. People could be born with a disability, or were disabled by diseases such as leprosy, or years of backbreaking work.

Attitudes to disability were mixed. People thought it was a punishment for sin, or

Attitudes to disability were mixed. People thought it was a punishment for sin, or the result of being born under the hostile influence of the planet Saturn. Others believed that disabled people were closer to God - they were suffering on earth rather than after death and would get to heaven sooner. The Church began to care for such people and this gave rise to some of the first hospitals in Europe. These early hospitals were the beginning of specialized care for the disabled.

1480 - 1660 The Destruction of Religious Hospitals When Henry VIII split from the

1480 - 1660 The Destruction of Religious Hospitals When Henry VIII split from the Roman Church, he ordered the Dissolution of the Monasteries'. Across the country, religious houses were demolished and monks and nuns driven out. The hospitals in these buildings were lost, along with the systems of care they had provided for sick and disabled people. For many, poverty and a life on the streets followed this destruction. A petition to King Henry in 1538 called for the refoundation of the hospitals that had been closed down. It complained of 'the miserable people lyeing in the streete, offending every clene person passing by the way'. But very little new building took place over the next 30 years.

1660 -1832 New explanations were now challenging the idea that God or astrology caused

1660 -1832 New explanations were now challenging the idea that God or astrology caused madness and disability. Madness was no longer seen as possession of the soul. It was the loss of reason, and this could be restored with the right treatment. A disabled person had suffered a misfortune and they deserved charity. A period where treatment of special needs people was beginning…. .

1832 -1914 This period saw the construction of large and expensive asylums …. places

1832 -1914 This period saw the construction of large and expensive asylums …. places where the mentally ill could be hidden away from view. Although the idea was to create places where humane care could be given, in practice they often were more like prisons where the patients suffered under terrible conditions.

Disability in the early 20 th century 1914 -1945 The return home of disabled

Disability in the early 20 th century 1914 -1945 The return home of disabled ex-servicemen from World War 1 challenged the widespread idea that disabled people were a 'burden'.

1945 -Present The last half of the 20 century brought with it several more

1945 -Present The last half of the 20 century brought with it several more wars and an increasing demand by the disabled members of society for equality and fair treatment and inclusion in all aspects of life…. . education, training, and economic opportunity.

What is Normal? ? Every society recognizes extreme forms of difference as abnormal, strange

What is Normal? ? Every society recognizes extreme forms of difference as abnormal, strange or deviant. Often this is portrayed in terms difference from an ideal or perfect person. .

What make someone valuable?

What make someone valuable?

Some differences are obvious at birth Congenital Birth Defect

Some differences are obvious at birth Congenital Birth Defect

Others will take years to become apparent Multiple Sclerosis for example…….

Others will take years to become apparent Multiple Sclerosis for example…….

People Asked “Why” Punishment from God…. I am the punishment of God. If you

People Asked “Why” Punishment from God…. I am the punishment of God. If you had not committed great sins God would not have sent a punishment like me among you…. Genghis Khan

People Asked “Why” Acts of “Spirits”, “Demons”

People Asked “Why” Acts of “Spirits”, “Demons”

People Asked “Why” Spells cast by others…. . witches? ? ?

People Asked “Why” Spells cast by others…. . witches? ? ?

People Asked “Why” In any society the treatment of its members is guided by

People Asked “Why” In any society the treatment of its members is guided by the prevailing values and beliefs of the culture…. . What is good and bad…. What is valuable and what is not What is beautiful and what is ugly…….

The ancient Greeks admired philosophers, teachers, warriors and athletes… Those with flaws (not perfect)

The ancient Greeks admired philosophers, teachers, warriors and athletes… Those with flaws (not perfect) had little worth……

The ancient Romans admired orators, statesmen and soldiers.

The ancient Romans admired orators, statesmen and soldiers.

During the Middle Ages and the Renaissance craftsmen and artists were most highly valued….

During the Middle Ages and the Renaissance craftsmen and artists were most highly valued….

In contemporary life, performers and others in the media are “worshipped”……

In contemporary life, performers and others in the media are “worshipped”……

In every culture those who had the “correct” qualities were considered “GOOD” Those who

In every culture those who had the “correct” qualities were considered “GOOD” Those who did not have those qualities were considered “BAD” or “WORTHLESS”

Those who differed from what was normal were subjected to abuse, condemnation and destruction.

Those who differed from what was normal were subjected to abuse, condemnation and destruction. Being different was a threat and threats had to be removed or put of sight

The attitudes toward the different were heavily influenced by religious belief, superstition, and ignorance

The attitudes toward the different were heavily influenced by religious belief, superstition, and ignorance of the causes…. .

Fall of the Roman Empire (360 CE) War Death Destruction Famine Plagues Epidemics

Fall of the Roman Empire (360 CE) War Death Destruction Famine Plagues Epidemics

The prevalence of different or exceptional individuals in premodern western societies was largely the

The prevalence of different or exceptional individuals in premodern western societies was largely the result of: Diseases Famine Poverty Primitive medical practices Lack of sanitation

In premodern western cultures infant mortality was extremely high. By mid-18 th century less

In premodern western cultures infant mortality was extremely high. By mid-18 th century less than ½ of all children would live to adulthood.

Those who survived had little to look forward to…. Until the 18 th century

Those who survived had little to look forward to…. Until the 18 th century there were no Children’s nurserys Playgrounds Children’s toys Or even Books …. in all but the richest classes children were expected to contribute to the family income…. . Child Labor

Prior to 1800 the social situation of most people was difficult and filled with

Prior to 1800 the social situation of most people was difficult and filled with hardship. For those with disabilities or limitations life was cruel beyond description.

For most of history For the vast majority of exceptional people there was: No

For most of history For the vast majority of exceptional people there was: No hope for even a basic education No chance for vocational training No chance for an occupation No source of income Very limited opportunities for social interaction

Conspicuously disabled people were surrounded by Myth Superstition Fatalism And so they were the

Conspicuously disabled people were surrounded by Myth Superstition Fatalism And so they were the constant victims of prejudice and callous treatment…. They were destroyed, exorcised, ignored, excilled, exploited, and set apart.

Eugenics is the belief and practice of improving the genetic quality of the human

Eugenics is the belief and practice of improving the genetic quality of the human population. It is a social philosophy advocating the improvement of human genetic traits through the promotion of higher reproduction of people with desired traits (positive eugenics), and reduced reproduction of people with less-desired or undesired traits (negative eugenics) Eugenicists believed the human race could be improved by controlled breeding.

The fundamental belief that individuals who did not meet the social ideal should be

The fundamental belief that individuals who did not meet the social ideal should be eliminated is perhaps most vividly portrayed in the policies of the German Nazi Party beginning in 1933.

During the mid to late 1930’s the German National Socialist Party (NAZI) began a

During the mid to late 1930’s the German National Socialist Party (NAZI) began a huge propaganda campaign against mentally and physically disabled Germans. Part of the national health policy was to divide the population into “fit” and “unfit”……. . They did not fit into the Nazi stereotype of the pure Aryan, that is physically fit with an obedient mind to serve the Reich. In addition, they were viewed as a burden on society, as they were unable to work and drained resources from the state. As early as July 1933, the Nazis passed a law that allowed forced sterilisation of 350, 000 men and women, who were deemed likely to produce 'inferior' children. Such individuals were described as “Life unfit for life” The actions of the State were described as a necessary step to disinfect the population of Germany……

The program was given the name T 4 and was actively promoted throughout the

The program was given the name T 4 and was actively promoted throughout the mid and late 1930’s by a huge government propaganda program. “Law for the Prevention of Progeny with Hereditary Diseases. ” July 14, 1933

1933: Forced sterilization of those likely to produce “inferior” children. More than 350, 000

1933: Forced sterilization of those likely to produce “inferior” children. More than 350, 000 underwent such sterilization. OCTOBER 1939 HITLER AUTHORIZES KILLING OF THE IMPAIRED Adolf Hitler authorizes the beginning of the "euthanasia" program -- the systematic killing of those Germans whom the Nazis deem "unworthy of life. " The order is backdated to the beginning of the war (September 1, 1939). At first, doctors and staff in hospitals are encouraged to neglect patients. Thus, patients die of starvation and diseases. Later, groups of "consultants" visit hospitals and decide who will die. Those patients are sent to various "euthanasia" killing centers in Greater Germany and killed by lethal injection or in gas chambers.

Hartheim castle, a euthanasia killing center where people with physical and mental disabilities were

Hartheim castle, a euthanasia killing center where people with physical and mental disabilities were killed by gassing and lethal injection. Hartheim, Austria, date uncertain.

This image originates from a film produced by the Reich Propaganda Ministry. It shows

This image originates from a film produced by the Reich Propaganda Ministry. It shows patients in an unidentified asylum. Their existence is described as "life without hope. " The Nazis sought, through propaganda, to develop public sympathy for the Euthanasia Program.

Slide taken from a Nazi propaganda filmstrip, promoting "euthanasia, " prepared for the Hitler

Slide taken from a Nazi propaganda filmstrip, promoting "euthanasia, " prepared for the Hitler Youth. The caption says: "Mentally ill Negro (English) 16 years in an institution costing 35, 000 RM [Reichsmarks]. " Place and date uncertain.

This image originates from a film produced by the Reich Propaganda Ministry. It is

This image originates from a film produced by the Reich Propaganda Ministry. It is captioned: "A moral and religious conception of life demands the prevention of hereditarily ill offspring. " Nazi propaganda aimed to create public support for the compulsory sterilization effort.

Emmi G. , a 16 -year-old housemaid diagnosed as schizophrenic. She was sterilized and

Emmi G. , a 16 -year-old housemaid diagnosed as schizophrenic. She was sterilized and sent to the Meseritz-Obrawalde euthanasia center where she was killed with an overdose of tranquilizers on December 7, 1942. Place and date uncertain.

Helene Melanie Lebel, was a young Austrian woman who loved to swim and go

Helene Melanie Lebel, was a young Austrian woman who loved to swim and go to the opera. In her late teens she developed mental illness and later had a nervous breakdown. When she was just 29 years old she became a victim of the Nazi’s T 4 euthanasia programme. © 2011 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

Between 1939 and 1941 a program of euthanasia (so called ‘mercy killing’), ordered by

Between 1939 and 1941 a program of euthanasia (so called ‘mercy killing’), ordered by the state, led to the murder, by doctors and medical staff, of at least 70, 000 people. However, the policy continued in one way or another through to 1945. For instance, after the Nazi invasion of Poland they murdered thousands of seriously ill Poles in hospitals. The experience gained as a result of the euthanasia program was also put to use from 1941 onwards as the Nazis sought to murder the Jews of Europe.

Forced Sterilization Programs (Generally done to prevent the transmission of severe genetic diseases or

Forced Sterilization Programs (Generally done to prevent the transmission of severe genetic diseases or conditions…. . Eugenics) Between 1907 and 1939 nearly 30, 000 individuals, most of whom were mentally ill or developmentally disabled were sterilized in the United States following their conviction on criminal charges. Such programs were applied in: South Africa Germany China Sweden Uzbekistan Canada Japan Peru Switzerland Puerto Rico Czechoslovakia India Russia United States …. and others… This practice is now regarded as a crime against humanity and may be prosecuted in the International Criminal Court.

Assignment #2 1. Academic honesty declaration and plagiarism certificate 2. Prepare a brief two

Assignment #2 1. Academic honesty declaration and plagiarism certificate 2. Prepare a brief two page report on “Special Education in Turkey or the TRNC”. Should be an overview including organization within MONE, services provided, and who provides these services.

References Goodman, Libby (1990). Time and learning in the special education classroom. Albany, N.

References Goodman, Libby (1990). Time and learning in the special education classroom. Albany, N. Y. : State University of New York Press. p. 122. ISBN 0 -7914 -0371 -8. OCLC 20635959 Rathus, Spencer A. (2008). Voyages in childhood , Third Edition. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth. ISBN: 0 -495 -50390 -8 Turnbull, Ron (2002). "Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today's Schools (3 rd ed. )Merrill Prentice Hall. New Jersey.