CHAPTER 1 Exceptionality and Special Education Exceptional Learners

CHAPTER 1: Exceptionality and Special Education Exceptional Learners: An Introduction to Special Education Thirteenth Edition Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen Developed by: Kerri Martin © 2014, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Topics § Getting oriented to exceptionality and special education § Educational definition of exceptional learners § Prevalence of exceptional learners § Definition of special education § History & Origins of special education § Effects of Legislation and Litigation § Reasons for Optimism Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen. Exceptional Learners: An Introduction to Special Education, Thirteenth Edition. © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1

Getting Oriented to Exceptionality and Special Education There is no single theory of normal development, so few definite statements can be made about exceptional learners. § The importance of abilities § Disability versus handicap § Disability versus inability Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen. Exceptional Learners: An Introduction to Special Education, Thirteenth Edition. © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2

“It is not my disability that handicaps me. It is society that handicaps me, and my brothers and sisters handicap us by; building inaccessible schools, theatres, buses, houses, and the list goes on. Many public buildings are still built without wheelchair ramps, despite state and federal laws. All this helps to keep us in our place. ” Judy Heuman from THE WASHINGTON STATE DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITYS PLANNING COUNCIL 1990 REPORT

Educational Definition of Exceptional Learners Exceptional learners are those who require special education if they are to reach their full human potential. § Diversity of characteristics § Need for special education Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen. Exceptional Learners: An Introduction to Special Education, Thirteenth Edition. © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 4

Prevalence of Exceptional Learners Prevalence is the percentage of a population or number of people having a particular exceptionality. § 8. 5% of students (over 6 million) in US schools receive special education services §Most are between the ages of 6 and 17 §There are high-incidence and low-incidence disabilities Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen. Exceptional Learners: An Introduction to Special Education, Thirteenth Edition. © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 5

Definition of Special Education Special education means specially designed instruction that meets the unusual needs of an exceptional student. § Possible forms of special education: § Special materials § Specialized teaching techniques § Specialized equipment and/or facilities § Related services Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen. Exceptional Learners: An Introduction to Special Education, Thirteenth Edition. © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 6

History and Origins of Special Education 1 People, Ideas, Trends Dates Impact Itard and Seguin Late 18 th to mid 19 th century Systematic educative procedures for the hardest to teach children Howe 1829 First residential school for students who were blind Gallaudet 1817 First American residential school for students who were deaf Normalization and 20 th century deinstitutionalization Breaking down barriers to participation in society Inclusion Integration of students with disabilities into general education classrooms 20 th centurycurrent Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen. Exceptional Learners: An Introduction to Special Education, Thirteenth Edition. © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11

History and Origins of Special Education 2 People, Ideas, Trends Dates Council for Exceptional Children founded by Ferrell and other teachers Founded 1922 Development of special education as a profession Organization of parent groups First started in 1950 s Provide support, information, and structure for obtaining resources Other organizations, such as Special Olympics (Shriver) 20 th century Advocacy for caring and fair treatment of individuals with disabilities Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen. Exceptional Learners: An Introduction to Special Education, Thirteenth Edition. © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Impact 12

Washington State Legislation House Bill 90 Grass roots legislation: 3 mothers wanting their children to have the same educational opportunities as general education children Passed in 1970 Became the foundation of Public Law 94 -142 Book title, #e Author Name © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 -13

Legislation and Litigation 1 Legislation Dates Education for All 1975 Handicapped Children Act, PL 94 -142 Impact The original Act and its amendments ensure that all children and youths with disabilities have a right to free, appropriate, public education Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) 1990 Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act 2004 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) 1990 Ensures the right to nondiscriminatory treatment in other aspects of life; a civil rights law No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) 21 st century “Standards-based” reform, consequences to special ed. Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen. Exceptional Learners: An Introduction to Special Education, Thirteenth Edition. © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14

Legislation and Litigation 2 Major Provisions of IDEA § Identification § Free, Appropriate, Public Education (FAPE) § Due process § Parent/guardian surrogate consultation § Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) § Individualized Education Program (IEP) § Nondiscriminatory evaluation § Confidentiality § Personnel development, in-service training Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen. Exceptional Learners: An Introduction to Special Education, Thirteenth Edition. © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 15

Effects of Legislation and Litigation 3 Litigation is the process of implementing legislation. § School attendance is the right of every child § Used when special education services are not provided for students whose parents want it § Used when students are assigned to special ed. when their parents believe they should not be § Litigation involving use of IQ and other standardized tests § Hudson v. Rowley (1982): appropriate education does not necessarily mean that which achieves maximum achievement Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen. Exceptional Learners: An Introduction to Special Education, Thirteenth Edition. © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 16

Reasons for Optimism §Teachers and other professionals who care § Scientific advances on causal factors § Reduction in some disabilities as a result § Prevention of some disabilities as a result § Advances towards cures and treatments §Scientific advances in learning and teaching Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen. Exceptional Learners: An Introduction to Special Education, Thirteenth Edition. © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 19