GAS EXCHANGE Dr JAWAD NAWAZ Diffusion Random movement
![GAS EXCHANGE Dr. JAWAD NAWAZ GAS EXCHANGE Dr. JAWAD NAWAZ](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/071682a372ecd30e2617b93823a6104e/image-1.jpg)
![Diffusion �Random movement of molecules of gas by their own kinetic energy �Net diffusion Diffusion �Random movement of molecules of gas by their own kinetic energy �Net diffusion](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/071682a372ecd30e2617b93823a6104e/image-2.jpg)
![Partial pressure �The pressure exerted by the gas molecules on a surface In atmospheric Partial pressure �The pressure exerted by the gas molecules on a surface In atmospheric](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/071682a372ecd30e2617b93823a6104e/image-3.jpg)
![Pressure of gases dissolved in water and tissues �Partial pressure in fluid develop same Pressure of gases dissolved in water and tissues �Partial pressure in fluid develop same](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/071682a372ecd30e2617b93823a6104e/image-4.jpg)
![Water vapor pressure �In airway passage air gets humidified, water vapors mixed up with Water vapor pressure �In airway passage air gets humidified, water vapors mixed up with](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/071682a372ecd30e2617b93823a6104e/image-5.jpg)
![Rate of diffusion D=Δ P×A×S/d×√MW Δ P=Partial pressure difference A=cross-sectional area S=solubility of gas Rate of diffusion D=Δ P×A×S/d×√MW Δ P=Partial pressure difference A=cross-sectional area S=solubility of gas](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/071682a372ecd30e2617b93823a6104e/image-6.jpg)
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![Expired Air Expired Air](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/071682a372ecd30e2617b93823a6104e/image-8.jpg)
![Respiratory Unit �Respiratory Lobule 1. Respiratory bronchiole 2. Alveolar ducts 3. Atria 4. Alveoli Respiratory Unit �Respiratory Lobule 1. Respiratory bronchiole 2. Alveolar ducts 3. Atria 4. Alveoli](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/071682a372ecd30e2617b93823a6104e/image-9.jpg)
![� 300 millions alveoli �Diameter 0. 2 milliliter �Sheet of flowing blood � 300 millions alveoli �Diameter 0. 2 milliliter �Sheet of flowing blood](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/071682a372ecd30e2617b93823a6104e/image-10.jpg)
![Respiratory Membrane or Pulmonary Membranes of all the terminal portions of the lungs Respiratory Membrane or Pulmonary Membranes of all the terminal portions of the lungs](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/071682a372ecd30e2617b93823a6104e/image-11.jpg)
![Factors That Affect the Rate of Gas Diffusion Through the Respiratory Membrane 1. Thickness Factors That Affect the Rate of Gas Diffusion Through the Respiratory Membrane 1. Thickness](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/071682a372ecd30e2617b93823a6104e/image-12.jpg)
![Diffusion Capacity Volume of a gas that will diffuse through the membrane each minute Diffusion Capacity Volume of a gas that will diffuse through the membrane each minute](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/071682a372ecd30e2617b93823a6104e/image-13.jpg)
![Measurement of Diffusing Capacity 1. Alveolar Po 2 2. Po 2 in the pulmonary Measurement of Diffusing Capacity 1. Alveolar Po 2 2. Po 2 in the pulmonary](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/071682a372ecd30e2617b93823a6104e/image-14.jpg)
![Ventilation – Perfusion Ratio The imbalance between alveolar ventilation and alveolar blood flow �Va Ventilation – Perfusion Ratio The imbalance between alveolar ventilation and alveolar blood flow �Va](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/071682a372ecd30e2617b93823a6104e/image-15.jpg)
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![Physiological Shunt �When Va/Q is below normal �Shunted blood �Bronchial vessels �The total quantitative Physiological Shunt �When Va/Q is below normal �Shunted blood �Bronchial vessels �The total quantitative](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/071682a372ecd30e2617b93823a6104e/image-18.jpg)
![Physiological Dead Space � When Va/Q is ∞ � Alveolar wasted ventilation or alveolar Physiological Dead Space � When Va/Q is ∞ � Alveolar wasted ventilation or alveolar](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/071682a372ecd30e2617b93823a6104e/image-19.jpg)
- Slides: 19
![GAS EXCHANGE Dr JAWAD NAWAZ GAS EXCHANGE Dr. JAWAD NAWAZ](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/071682a372ecd30e2617b93823a6104e/image-1.jpg)
GAS EXCHANGE Dr. JAWAD NAWAZ
![Diffusion Random movement of molecules of gas by their own kinetic energy Net diffusion Diffusion �Random movement of molecules of gas by their own kinetic energy �Net diffusion](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/071682a372ecd30e2617b93823a6104e/image-2.jpg)
Diffusion �Random movement of molecules of gas by their own kinetic energy �Net diffusion from higher conc. to lower conc �Molecules try to equilibrate in all empty places
![Partial pressure The pressure exerted by the gas molecules on a surface In atmospheric Partial pressure �The pressure exerted by the gas molecules on a surface In atmospheric](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/071682a372ecd30e2617b93823a6104e/image-3.jpg)
Partial pressure �The pressure exerted by the gas molecules on a surface In atmospheric air �PO 2 160 mm. Hg �PCO 2 0. 3 mm. Hg �PN 2 600 mm. Hg
![Pressure of gases dissolved in water and tissues Partial pressure in fluid develop same Pressure of gases dissolved in water and tissues �Partial pressure in fluid develop same](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/071682a372ecd30e2617b93823a6104e/image-4.jpg)
Pressure of gases dissolved in water and tissues �Partial pressure in fluid develop same way as in air �Partial pressure= conc. of dissolved gas/solubility coefficient HENRY’S LAW � Solubility coefficients of different gases O 2=0. 024 CO 2=O. 57 CO=0. 018 N 2=0. 012 H=0. 008 �Water solubility of CO 2 20 times more than that of O 2 �Partial pressure of carbon dioxide is less than one twentieth that exerted by oxygen.
![Water vapor pressure In airway passage air gets humidified water vapors mixed up with Water vapor pressure �In airway passage air gets humidified, water vapors mixed up with](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/071682a372ecd30e2617b93823a6104e/image-5.jpg)
Water vapor pressure �In airway passage air gets humidified, water vapors mixed up with inspired air �At body temp. 370 C p. H 2 O =47 mm Hg �p. H 2 O directly proportional to temperature �In fever p. H 2 O is more
![Rate of diffusion DΔ PASdMW Δ PPartial pressure difference Acrosssectional area Ssolubility of gas Rate of diffusion D=Δ P×A×S/d×√MW Δ P=Partial pressure difference A=cross-sectional area S=solubility of gas](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/071682a372ecd30e2617b93823a6104e/image-6.jpg)
Rate of diffusion D=Δ P×A×S/d×√MW Δ P=Partial pressure difference A=cross-sectional area S=solubility of gas d= distance √MW=molecular weight �Diffusion coefficient=S/ √MW �Two gases at same partial pressure, rate of diffusion proportional to diffusion coefficient
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/071682a372ecd30e2617b93823a6104e/image-7.jpg)
![Expired Air Expired Air](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/071682a372ecd30e2617b93823a6104e/image-8.jpg)
Expired Air
![Respiratory Unit Respiratory Lobule 1 Respiratory bronchiole 2 Alveolar ducts 3 Atria 4 Alveoli Respiratory Unit �Respiratory Lobule 1. Respiratory bronchiole 2. Alveolar ducts 3. Atria 4. Alveoli](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/071682a372ecd30e2617b93823a6104e/image-9.jpg)
Respiratory Unit �Respiratory Lobule 1. Respiratory bronchiole 2. Alveolar ducts 3. Atria 4. Alveoli
![300 millions alveoli Diameter 0 2 milliliter Sheet of flowing blood � 300 millions alveoli �Diameter 0. 2 milliliter �Sheet of flowing blood](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/071682a372ecd30e2617b93823a6104e/image-10.jpg)
� 300 millions alveoli �Diameter 0. 2 milliliter �Sheet of flowing blood
![Respiratory Membrane or Pulmonary Membranes of all the terminal portions of the lungs Respiratory Membrane or Pulmonary Membranes of all the terminal portions of the lungs](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/071682a372ecd30e2617b93823a6104e/image-11.jpg)
Respiratory Membrane or Pulmonary Membranes of all the terminal portions of the lungs
![Factors That Affect the Rate of Gas Diffusion Through the Respiratory Membrane 1 Thickness Factors That Affect the Rate of Gas Diffusion Through the Respiratory Membrane 1. Thickness](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/071682a372ecd30e2617b93823a6104e/image-12.jpg)
Factors That Affect the Rate of Gas Diffusion Through the Respiratory Membrane 1. Thickness of membrane 1. Edema & Fibrosis 2. Surface area of membrane 2. Emphysema 3. Diffusion coefficient 3. Solubility of gas/ √ Mol. Weight 4. partial pressure of gas in the 4. Partial pressure difference of alveoli and partial pressure of the gas in the pulmonary capillary blood
![Diffusion Capacity Volume of a gas that will diffuse through the membrane each minute Diffusion Capacity Volume of a gas that will diffuse through the membrane each minute](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/071682a372ecd30e2617b93823a6104e/image-13.jpg)
Diffusion Capacity Volume of a gas that will diffuse through the membrane each minute for a partial pressure difference of 1 mm. Hg �Diffusing capacity for oxygen 21 ml/min/mm Hg at rest 65 ml/min/mm Hg during exercise �Diffusing capacity for carbon dioxide 20 times more than O 2 400 to 450 ml/min/mm Hg at rest 1200 to 1300 ml/min/mm Hg during exercise
![Measurement of Diffusing Capacity 1 Alveolar Po 2 2 Po 2 in the pulmonary Measurement of Diffusing Capacity 1. Alveolar Po 2 2. Po 2 in the pulmonary](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/071682a372ecd30e2617b93823a6104e/image-14.jpg)
Measurement of Diffusing Capacity 1. Alveolar Po 2 2. Po 2 in the pulmonary capillary blood 3. Rate of oxygen uptake by the blood Diffusing capacity(DC) of CO=Volume of CO absorbed p. CO DC of O 2 = DC of CO × 1. 23 = 17× 1. 23= 21 ml/min/mm. Hg
![Ventilation Perfusion Ratio The imbalance between alveolar ventilation and alveolar blood flow Va Ventilation – Perfusion Ratio The imbalance between alveolar ventilation and alveolar blood flow �Va](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/071682a372ecd30e2617b93823a6104e/image-15.jpg)
Ventilation – Perfusion Ratio The imbalance between alveolar ventilation and alveolar blood flow �Va Alveolar ventilation �Q Blood flow �Va/Q �When the ventilation(Va) is zero, yet there is still perfusion (Q) of the alveolus, Va/Q is zero �When there is adequate ventilation (Va) but zero perfusion (Q), Va/Q is infinity.
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![Physiological Shunt When VaQ is below normal Shunted blood Bronchial vessels The total quantitative Physiological Shunt �When Va/Q is below normal �Shunted blood �Bronchial vessels �The total quantitative](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/071682a372ecd30e2617b93823a6104e/image-18.jpg)
Physiological Shunt �When Va/Q is below normal �Shunted blood �Bronchial vessels �The total quantitative amount of shunted blood per minute is called the physiologic shunt �The greater the physiologic shunt, the greater the amount of blood that fails to be oxygenated as it passes through the lungs. �Lower part of lung Va/Q is 0. 6 times below normal
![Physiological Dead Space When VaQ is Alveolar wasted ventilation or alveolar Physiological Dead Space � When Va/Q is ∞ � Alveolar wasted ventilation or alveolar](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/071682a372ecd30e2617b93823a6104e/image-19.jpg)
Physiological Dead Space � When Va/Q is ∞ � Alveolar wasted ventilation or alveolar dead space � Anatomical dead space � The sum of these two types of wasted ventilation is called the physiologic dead space � When the physiologic dead space is great, much of the work of ventilation is wasted effort because so much of the ventilating air never reaches the blood � Upper part of Lung Va/Q 2. 5 times more than normal
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