French Revolution 1789 1799 France French Society Divided

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French Revolution 1789 -1799 France

French Revolution 1789 -1799 France

French Society Divided • Old Social Order: Ancien Regime= old order of France all

French Society Divided • Old Social Order: Ancien Regime= old order of France all the way from Feudalism/Middle Ages. • Divided into one of three estates=social classes= i. 1 st Estate= Clergy= Officials of the Church ii. 2 nd Estate= Nobility= Wealthy families that meet certain requirements by law iii. 3 rd Estate= Everyone else- Lawyers, doctors, merchants, peasants, etc.

Ist Estate- Clergy- 1. 5% of Population Clergy= Members of the Church 2 nd

Ist Estate- Clergy- 1. 5% of Population Clergy= Members of the Church 2 nd Estate- Nobility- 1. 5% of Population 3 rd Estate- Everyone Else- 97% of Population

Privileges 1 st and 2 nd Estate • Paid no taxes or almost no

Privileges 1 st and 2 nd Estate • Paid no taxes or almost no taxes. • Were allowed weapons to hunt. • Given land • Given top job opportunities • 3 rd Estate • Hmmmm…. . non

Complaints 1 st and 2 nd Estate. Hmmm…. . 3 rd Estate • Had

Complaints 1 st and 2 nd Estate. Hmmm…. . 3 rd Estate • Had to pay all the taxes • Had no say in government decisions • Owed debts • Food was expensive • Wages were unfair

Causes of the French Revolution 1. 2. 3. • Enlightenment- Ideas, Beliefs, Etc. The

Causes of the French Revolution 1. 2. 3. • Enlightenment- Ideas, Beliefs, Etc. The Inequalities among the social classes. Financial Troubles. Contributed to Financial debt: I. III. IV. V. VI. 7 years war American Revolution Court (King and Queen) Spending Only taxing the 3 rd Estate Over- borrowing money Bad Harvest- Make food prices sky rocket I. Population had increased dramatically within the recentury.

In towns and cities, Enlightenment ideas led people to question the inequalities of the

In towns and cities, Enlightenment ideas led people to question the inequalities of the old (ancien) regime. Why should the first two estates have such great privileges at the expense of the majority?

King Louis XVI- Calls the Estate General • What was the Estates General? –

King Louis XVI- Calls the Estate General • What was the Estates General? – The legislative body consisting of representatives of the three estates. 3 rd Estate not represented fairly for being a majority of the population

Estates General I. Had not been called in 175 years. II. France’s assembly of

Estates General I. Had not been called in 175 years. II. France’s assembly of representatives from al 3 estates. III. 1 st and 2 nd delegates knew that they could outvote the 3 rd estate on any decision. IV. Prepare Grievance Notebooks= Cahiers V. Many called for reforms such as fairer taxes, freedom of the press, regular meetings of the Estates General. VI. The cahiers testified to the Boiling class resentments.

Financial Troubles • Jacques Necker- A financial Expert was called upon by the King

Financial Troubles • Jacques Necker- A financial Expert was called upon by the King because he knew the people were unhappy and about to revolt. • He advised the king to lower court spending. • Reform government • Tax the 1 st and 2 nd Estate – This caused the nobles and clergy to force the king to dismiss him • Stop burdensome tariffs (taxes) on internal trade.

Events of the French Revolution: The Moderate Phase of the Revolution

Events of the French Revolution: The Moderate Phase of the Revolution

Storming of the Bastille • The people storm the Bastille (Fortress/Prison) that represented the

Storming of the Bastille • The people storm the Bastille (Fortress/Prison) that represented the old social order of France (feudalism) to obtain gunpowder to defend themselves. July 14, 1789. This symbolized the tearing down of the old order and the people taking power. The people actually took the bricks as keepsakes- this was symbolic because this was them putting an end to the oppression of the king.

 • • • Tennis Court Oath Delegates from the Third Estate= They wanted

• • • Tennis Court Oath Delegates from the Third Estate= They wanted reform in government based on enlightened writers ideas. All three estates were deadlocked over the issues of Voting= Each Estate having 1 vote. After weeks of stalemate, delegates of the 3 rd estate declared themselves the national assembly= being locked out because of this they stood in a tennis court and took an oath= “never to separate and to meet wherever the circumstances might require until we have established a sound and just constitution”

The National Assembly I. The National Assembly- The True Representatives of the people of

The National Assembly I. The National Assembly- The True Representatives of the people of France NOW- Made up of the 3 rd Estate. A. They declare their declaration: Rights of Man and the Citizentheir version of the Declaration of Independence. i. iii. iv. v. viii. End to tyranny Seized the power from the Monarchy. Establish a Constitutional Monarchy Equality for all Reasonable Justice Freedom of Press Only established rights for men Did not give women any rights

Women’s March ON Versailles Spontaneous demonstration of Parisian women for bread and rights •

Women’s March ON Versailles Spontaneous demonstration of Parisian women for bread and rights • • The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizens did not give women any rights and they felt they needed a movement to win rights for themselves. • Forces King Louie XVI and Marie Antoinette to move back to Paris. Remember they were living in their lavish Palace in Versailles- so away from the people because they were unconcerned with the troubles of what was going on in French society.

The Church is Taken Under State Control • The people drafted a constitution to

The Church is Taken Under State Control • The people drafted a constitution to solve the continuing financial crisis- Civil Constitution of 1790. • To pay off the huge government debt– • As a radical move, the National Assembly put the French Catholic Church under state control. • This obviously made the clergy of the church very angry.

The Constitution of 1791 Establishes a New Government: • National Assembly produced a Constitution

The Constitution of 1791 Establishes a New Government: • National Assembly produced a Constitution in 1791– It set up a limited monarchy in place of the absolute monarchy. – A new legislative assembly had the power to make laws, collect taxes, and decide on issues of war and peace. Lawmakers would be elected by tax-paying male citizens over 25.

Flight Away From Paris • 1791 - King Louie XVI makes his servants dress

Flight Away From Paris • 1791 - King Louie XVI makes his servants dress as nobility, he and the queen dressed as servants and they tried to escape Paris! • King and Queen were captured and Brought back to Paris!!!! • This was viewed as King Louis XVI as abdicating the throne! Giving up his title as King!

NOTES STOP HERE FOR NOTES.

NOTES STOP HERE FOR NOTES.

The Jacobins. Jacobin Meeting House M Started as a debating society. M Membership mostly

The Jacobins. Jacobin Meeting House M Started as a debating society. M Membership mostly middle class. . M Radicals who want a republic

The Radical’s Arms: No God! No Religion! No King! No Constitution!

The Radical’s Arms: No God! No Religion! No King! No Constitution!

Radicals Take Control • Took control of the National Assembly, called for the election

Radicals Take Control • Took control of the National Assembly, called for the election of a new legislative body called the National Convention. – The Monarchy is abolished – Established a republic. – Drew up a new Constitution (2 nd) – King and Queen are beheaded.

Marie Antoinette on the Way to the Guillotine

Marie Antoinette on the Way to the Guillotine

Maximillian Robespierre (1758 – 1794) Main Architect of the “Reign of Terror!”

Maximillian Robespierre (1758 – 1794) Main Architect of the “Reign of Terror!”

Reign of Terror • Headed by Maximilien Robespierre • Set up a Committee of

Reign of Terror • Headed by Maximilien Robespierre • Set up a Committee of Public Safety which actually goes around arresting and beheading people. • De-Christianization- They felt religion had no place in their secular republic.

Committee for Public Safety M Revolutionary Tribunals. M 300, 000 arrested. M 16, 000

Committee for Public Safety M Revolutionary Tribunals. M 300, 000 arrested. M 16, 000 – 50, 000 executed.

In Reaction to the Terror • Move away from the National Convention • Moderates

In Reaction to the Terror • Move away from the National Convention • Moderates take over and produce the 3 rd constitution • They set up 5 man Directory and a two-house legislature elected by male citizens of property- They are now under the control of the Directory. – – Estates General National Assembly National Convention Directory. • The middle class and professional people held most power during this time period (1795 -1799. )

The Directory Phase • Somewhat weak but dictatorial • Many people were returning to

The Directory Phase • Somewhat weak but dictatorial • Many people were returning to France now and in 1797, supporters of a Constitutional Monarchy won the majority of the seats in Legislature. • People then turn to Napoleon Bonaparte, a popular military hero who would soon trick them all and become a ruler of France.

Revolution Brings Changes: • Dislodged the old social order • Overthrown the monarchy •

Revolution Brings Changes: • Dislodged the old social order • Overthrown the monarchy • Brought the church under state control • Nationalism Spreads

The Age of Napoleon 1799 -1815 • His parents sent him to military school

The Age of Napoleon 1799 -1815 • His parents sent him to military school at a young age where he studied public speaking, strategy, etc. • At age 16 he graduated. • He then moved through the military ranks fast thus gaining control. • He was only 5’ 2….

What does Napoleon have to do with the French Revolution? • He was a

What does Napoleon have to do with the French Revolution? • He was a military general throughout the French Revolution. • He brought an end to France’s post revolution chaos. • He rebuilt France to bring it back to its former glory. • He brought stability to French society in terms of commerce and laws. – He founded a French Banking System. – He founded a FAIR, and modern legal code that is still used today.

Other Things He Did… • Crowned himself Emperor (WHAT? !? !? ! Yup!!!)- He

Other Things He Did… • Crowned himself Emperor (WHAT? !? !? ! Yup!!!)- He Overthrew the Directory. • Invaded nearly every country in Europe… War War…. Destruction… Enemies • Placed family members in top ranked positions (undeserving of course) • Started dozens of wars that cost millions of lives (and $$$).

Sooo…. • Once his armies started losing battles his people became fed up, captured

Sooo…. • Once his armies started losing battles his people became fed up, captured him and gave him to the enemy! • They banished him to a small, isolated island, St. Helena. Where he lived till his death under guard. – After he escaped, returned to France, was welcomed back, captured again at the Battle of Waterloo, then was banished again….

Napoleon’s Impact • Napoleonic Code consolidated many changes of the Revolution • France was

Napoleon’s Impact • Napoleonic Code consolidated many changes of the Revolution • France was now a centralized state with a constitution (just). • Elections were held with expanded, though limited, suffrage. • Many more citizens had rights to property and access to education

What then for Europe? • Congress of Vienna – Brilliant gathering of European leaders

What then for Europe? • Congress of Vienna – Brilliant gathering of European leaders – To restore stability and order in Europe after years of war. – Bring lasting peace to Europe – Redrew the map of Europe – Would not see another war like Napoleon’s till 1914 - WWI.