Essentials of Human Anatomy Physiology Seventh Edition Elaine

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation

Objectives: An overview of anatomy and physiology • Define anatomy and physiology • Explain how anatomy and physiology are related.

The Human Body – An Orientation • Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts • Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 1

Anatomy – Levels of Study • Gross Anatomy • Large structures • Easily observable Figure 1. 1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 2 a

Anatomy – Levels of Study • Microscopic Anatomy • Very small structures • Can only be viewed with a microscope Figure 14. 4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 2 b

Objectives: Levels of structural organization • Name the levels of structural organization that make up the human body and explain how they are related. • Name the organ systems of the body and briefly state the major functions of each system. • Classify by organ system all organs discussed. • Identify the organs shown on a diagram or a dissectible torso.

Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1. 1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 3

Organ System Overview • Integumentary • Forms the external body covering • Protects deeper tissue from injury • Synthesizes vitamin D • Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Figure 1. 2 a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 4

Organ System Overview • Skeletal • Protects and supports body organs • Provides muscle attachment for movement • Site of blood cell formation • Stores minerals Figure 1. 2 b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 5

Organ System Overview • Muscular • Allows locomotion • Maintains posture • Produces heat Figure 1. 2 c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 6

Organ System Overview • Nervous • Fast-acting control system • Responds to internal and external change • Activates muscles and glands Figure 1. 2 d Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 7

Organ System Overview • Endocrine • Secretes regulatory hormones • Growth • Reproduction • Metabolism Figure 1. 2 e Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 8

Organ System Overview • Cardiovascular • Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart • Oxygen • Carbon dioxide • Nutrients • Wastes Figure 1. 2 f Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 9

Organ System Overview • Lymphatic • Returns fluids to blood vessels • Disposes of debris • Involved in immunity Figure 1. 2 g Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 10

Organ System Overview • Respiratory • Keeps blood supplied with oxygen • Removes carbon dioxide Figure 1. 2 h Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 11

Organ System Overview • Digestive • Breaks down food • Allows for nutrient absorption into blood • Eliminates indigestible material Figure 1. 2 i Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 12

Organ System Overview • Urinary • Eliminates nitrogenous wastes • Maintains acid – base balance • Regulation of materials • Water • Electrolytes Figure 1. 2 j Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 13

Organ System Overview • Reproductive • Production of offspring Figure 1. 2 k Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 14

Objectives: Maintaining Life • List functions that humans must perform to maintain life. • List the survival needs of the human body.

Necessary Life Functions • Maintain Boundaries • Movement • Locomotion • Movement of substances • Responsiveness • Ability to sense changes and react • Digestion • Break-down and delivery of nutrients Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 15

Necessary Life Functions • Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body • Production of energy • Making body structures • Excretion • Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 16 a

Necessary Life Functions • Reproduction • Production of future generation • Growth • Increasing of cell size and number Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 16 b

Survival Needs • Nutrients • Chemicals for energy and cell building • Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals • Oxygen • Required for chemical reactions Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 17 a

Survival Needs • Water • 60– 80% of body weight • Provides for metabolic reaction • Stable body temperature • Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 17 b

Objectives: Homeostasis • Define homeostasis and explain its importance. • Define negative feedback and describe its role in maintaining homeostasis and normal body function.

Homeostasis • Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium • Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life • Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 18

Maintaining Homeostasis • The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems • Receptor • Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) • Sends information to control center Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 19 a

Maintaining Homeostasis • Control center • Determines set point • Analyzes information • Determines appropriate response • Effector • Provides a means for response to the stimulus Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 19 b

Feedback Mechanisms • Negative feedback • Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms • Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity • Works like a household thermostat Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 20 a

Feedback Mechanisms • Positive feedback • Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther • In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 20 b

Objectives: The language of anatomy • Describe the anatomical position verbally or demonstrate it. • Use proper anatomical terminology to describe body directions, surfaces, and body planes. • Locate the major cavities and list the chief organs in each cavity.

The Language of Anatomy • Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding • Exact terms are used for: • Position • Direction • Regions • Structures Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 21

Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1. 1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 22

Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1. 1 (cont) Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 23

Body Landmarks • Anterior Figure 1. 5 a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 24

Body Landmarks • Posterior Figure 1. 5 b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 25

Body Planes Figure 1. 6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 26

Body Cavities Figure 1. 7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 27

Abdominopelvic Quadrants Figure 1. 8 a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 28

Abdominopelvic Regions Figure 1. 8 b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 29

Abdominopelvic Major Organs Figure 1. 8 c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 30