1 HUMAN ANATOMY fifth edition MARIEB MALLATT WILHELM

1 HUMAN ANATOMY fifth edition MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM Power. Point® Lecture Slides prepared by Leslie Hendon, University of Alabama, Birmingham PART 3 The Human Body: An Orientation Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants § § Abdominal regions divide the abdomen into nine regions Abdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into four quadrants § Right upper and left upper quadrants § Right lower and left lower quadrants Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Abdominal Regions Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure

Abdominal Quadrants Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure

Microscopic Anatomy § Microscopy – examining small structures through a microscope § Light microscopy illuminates tissue with a beam of light (lower magnification) § Electron microscopy uses beams of electrons (higher magnification) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Microscopic Anatomy Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure

Microscopic Anatomy § Preparing human tissue for microscopy § Specimen is fixed (preserved) and sectioned § Specimen is stained to distinguish anatomical structures § Acidic stain – negatively charged dye molecules § Basic stain – positively charged dye molecules Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Microscopic Anatomy § Scanning electron microscopy § Heavy metal salt stain – deflects electrons in the beam to different extents § Artifacts § Minor distortions of preserved tissues § Not exactly like living tissues and organs Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Clinical Anatomy – An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniques § X ray – electromagnetic waves of very short length § Best for visualizing bones and abnormal dense structures Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1. 14

Clinical Anatomy – An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniques § Variations of X ray § Fluoroscope – images are viewed on a fluorescent screen § Allows viewing of internal organs as they move § Cineradiography – uses X-ray cinema film to record organ movements Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Here’s the big question: §Can anyone diagnose the condition of the person on the

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Advanced X-Ray Techniques § Computed (axial) tomography (CT or CAT) – takes successive X rays around a person's full circumference § Translates recorded information into a detailed picture of the body section Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Advanced X-Ray Techniques § Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) imaging provides an unobstructed view of small arteries § DSA is often used to identify blockages of arteries that supply the heart or brain Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Advanced X-Ray Techniques § § Positron emission tomography (PET) – forms images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body Sonography (ultrasound imaging) – body is probed with pulses of high-frequency sound waves that echo off the body's tissues § Imaging technique used to determine the age of a developing fetus Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Advanced X-Ray Techniques § Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – produces high-quality images of soft tissues § Distinguishes body tissues based on relative water content Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1. 19 a