Espionage World War I What is Espionage l

Espionage World War I

What is Espionage? l Intelligence activity that denotes the work of secret organizations whose task is to gather information by covert means. l Divides into 2 kinds of material and activities: foreign intelligence, and domestic intelligence. l Not single combat between two spies, Intelligence is just a part of a larger military framework.

Types of Espionage l Positive Intelligence - Dealing with acquiring information. l Negative Intelligence - Dealing with manipulation of information that is broadcast.

Pre-WWI l Before total war, many nations had either weak or small national, and foreign, intelligence communities.

Triple Entente Intelligence l France – had trained intelligence forces, but no central agency had intelligence information, or distributed it. l Russia - had special agents of the Czar, and secret police forces, but no foreign intelligence. l Great Britain - well-developed military intelligence system, coordinated through the Office of Military Intelligence.

Triple Alliance Intelligence l Germany - had the most developed, and extensive intelligence community. employed a network of spies and informants across the world. l Austria-Hungary – had a military code-breaking bureau before the war. Military intelligence bureau expanded during the pre-war period.

Job Of Spies l Was primarily to gather information from figures of the other side. l Spies could pose as someone else, intercept communications (Mainly letters), or pass information. l They could attempt to intercept and decipher enemy codes.

Example Of A WWI Spy Frederick “Fritz” Joubert Duquesne l Spied for Germany during both World Wars. l In 1932 he was one of 32 member of the Duquesne Spy Ring who were convicted in the largest espionage conviction in the history of the United States. l Worked in Brazil planting time bombs on British Ships. l

Effects of War on Intelligence l The experience of the war formed the first modern intelligence services, serving as forbearers of the intelligence communities in France, Britain, Germany, and the Untied States today. l Intelligence and counter intelligence operations became very important in warfare.

Effects Con. l World War I forced most national intelligence services to rapidly modernize. l Revised espionage and intelligence tradecraft to fit changing battlefield tactics and technological advances. l To protect America from acts of espionage Congress passed the Espionage Statute of 1917.

Pre-WWII l Electronics rose to prominence quickly in World War II. l Increase in technology and new methods of communication meant new methods of spying. l In trench warfare, there was less opportunity for intelligence operations. In WWII, information on the other side was more a necessity.

l Enigma machine

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Espionage During WWII l Most espionage in World War II was conducted by "rings", or teams of agents such as: Duquesne Spy Ring Abwehr The Gestapo The Red Orchestra MI 5

During WWII con. l The goal of these spy rings was to obtain information about other nations, and of course, counter the intelligence rings of opposing nations. l In 1942 the British system was the keystone of Allied intelligence.

Technological Espionage l New communication technology was becoming essential for fast communication in war. l A good way to know what the enemy’s intentions was to intercept this. l Therefore Intelligence centers needed to know about it and work with it.

Operation Mincemeat In 1943 an allied invasion of southern Europe was expected by Germany. The allies wished to convince Germany an attack wouldn’t come at the obvious target, Sicily. l The allies obtained a body, complete with papers hinting that an attack would come elsewhere. l “On May 12, 1934 Hitler stated “Measures regarding Sardinia and the Peloponese take precedence over everything else. ” l On 9, 1943 the allied invasion of Sicily took place. l

Mincemeat Continued l 1954 book by Ewen Montagu and a 1956 World War II war film, based on the book and dramatizing actual events.

Comparison WWII Weak or small national, and foreign, intelligence communities. Large operating rings of spies and intelligence centers. Was not a largely significant aspect of warfare Intelligence and Counterintelligence was an important aspect of warfare. Based mainly on gathering information from primary sources or decoding. Through the rapid modernization of technology, espionage included a larger use of communications technology. Dealt more with positive intelligence Dealt more with negative intelligence

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Bibliography l l l l l Pictures From: http: //images. google. ca/imgres? imgurl=http: //girlspy. files. wordpress. com/2008/07/feinstein. jpg&imgrefurl=http: //girlspy. wordpress. com/2008/07/03/genevieve-feinstein/&usg=__MC 4_3 Vrn 8 t. Ob. X 2 q 9 m. KIt 6 B 15 Go=&h=213&w=173&sz=8&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=u. ZGDIwark 26 ud. M: &tbnh=106&tbnw=86&p rev=/images%3 Fq%3 DGenevieve%2 BFeinstein%26 hl%3 Den%26 client%3 Dfirefox-a%26 rls%3 Dorg. mozilla: en -US: official%26 sa%3 DN%26 um%3 D 1 http: //www. emaramures. ro/userfiles/Image/Foto%20 Istoria%20 zilei/Iulie/25_07 -Mata-Hari. jpg http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/The_Man_Who_Never_Was http: //images. google. ca/imgres? imgurl=http: //www. fbi. gov/headlines/abwehr 022704. jpg&imgrefurl=http: //www. fbi. gov/page 2/feb 04/nd 022704. htm&usg=__h 89 x. DZbut. DBhls 22 Mk 1 L 6 xj. I 4 s 0=&h=206&w=275&sz=30&hl=en& start=2&um=1&tbnid=RYg. Krzx 0_o. KM 0 M: &tbnh=85&tbnw=114&prev=/images%3 Fq%3 DAbwehr%26 hl%3 Den %26 rlz%3 D 1 C 1 CHMA_en. CA 322 CA 323%26 sa%3 DN%26 um%3 D 1 Cohen, Daniel The Science of Spying. Mc. Graw Hill Book Company. United States of America. 1977 Nuutinen , Joni. http: //hitlernews. cloudworth. com/intelligence-spy-spies-espionage. php. 2005 -2009 About. com http: //womenshistory. about. com/od/spies/a/women_spies_ww_3. htm The New York Times Company. 2009 CBS http: //findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_gx 5211/is_2004/ai_n 19126800/ CBS Interactive Inc. 2009 "espionage. " The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008. Encyclopedia. com. 2 Jun. 2009 <http: //www. encyclopedia. com>.