Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 The Scientific Revolution

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Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 The Scientific Revolution Key Questions: • What were some

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 The Scientific Revolution Key Questions: • What were some new scientific theories and discoveries? • What were some of the effects of these new theories? • What was the new Scientific Method?

Enlightenment and Revolution Click the icon to play Listen to History audio. Click the

Enlightenment and Revolution Click the icon to play Listen to History audio. Click the icon below to connect to the Interactive Maps. Section 1

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Dawn of Modern Science Ancient scholars could provide no

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Dawn of Modern Science Ancient scholars could provide no information about new lands, people, animals • Age of Exploration led scientists to study natural world more closely • Other things to be discovered, things unknown to ancients • Navigators needed more accurate instruments, geographic knowledge • Scientists examined natural world, found it did not match ancient beliefs

Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Dawn of Modern Science Some Middle Ages scholars sought

Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Dawn of Modern Science Some Middle Ages scholars sought answers about the natural world from the church. In the mid-1500 s, others began to think in new ways. The Old View • Scholars relied on traditional authorities for beliefs about structure of universe • Geocentric theory, Aristotle – Earth center of universe – Sun, moon, planets revolved around earth • Ideas upheld by church, accepted authority for European intellectuals New Viewpoints • Scholars began to challenge traditional authorities, 1500 s • Scientific Revolution, new way of thinking • Posed theories, developed procedures to test ideas • Why open to new ideas? – Exploration – New lands, new people, new animals

Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution The Scientific Method New Approach to Investigation • Scientific

Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution The Scientific Method New Approach to Investigation • Scientific Method • Identify problem • Form hypothesis • Perform experiments to test hypothesis • Record results • Analyze results, form conclusion Scientific Method Scholars • Francis Bacon, experimentation to gain scientific knowledge • Rene Descartes, reason key • Believed everything should be doubted until proved by reason • Relied on math, logic • Ideas of both continue to influence modern scientific methods

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Find the Main Idea What was the Scientific Revolution?

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Find the Main Idea What was the Scientific Revolution? Answer(s): a new way of thinking about the natural world that challenged traditional views and instead relied upon experimentation

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Discoveries in Astronomy, Physics, and Math Early scientists •

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Discoveries in Astronomy, Physics, and Math Early scientists • Made significant contributions in astronomy, physics and math • Began to explain complexities of solar system, limits of physical world • Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer, among first Copernicus – 1400 s • Found geocentric theory of movement of sun, moon, planets not accurate • Concluded sun, not earth, near center of solar system • Heliocentric theory, earth revolves around sun Copernicus’ theory • Idea of earth orbiting sun was not completely new • Copernicus developed detailed mathematical explanation of process • Was first scientist to create complete model of solar system

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres • Copernicus’

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres • Copernicus’ famous book not published until last year of his life • Knew church would oppose work • Work contradicted teachings of church

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Brahe and Kepler: 1500 s Brahe, Danish Astronomer •

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Brahe and Kepler: 1500 s Brahe, Danish Astronomer • Wrote book proving bright object over Denmark sky was newly visible star • Called it supernova, distant exploding star suddenly visible on earth • Book impressed Denmark’s King Frederick II • Gave Brahe money to build two observatories Observations • Brahe used observatories • Developed system to explain planetary movement • Believed sun revolved around earth • Other five known planets revolved around sun

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Kepler, German Mathematician • Hired as Brahe’s assistant to

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Kepler, German Mathematician • Hired as Brahe’s assistant to form mathematical theory from measurements of planets • Published result of measurements of orbit of Mars after Brahe’s death

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Kepler’s Solution Kepler solved main problem of Copernican theory

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Kepler’s Solution Kepler solved main problem of Copernican theory • Copernicus assumed planets orbited in circle • Kepler found assumption untrue • Proved planets orbited in oval pattern, ellipse • Wanted to prove Copernicus wrong, instead proved heliocentric theory correct • Kepler’s mathematical solar system model also correct

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Discoveries in Astronomy, Physics, and Math More support Starry

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Discoveries in Astronomy, Physics, and Math More support Starry Messenger • Italian scientist Galileo Galilei • Galileo described discoveries • Built first telescope used for astronomy • Craters on moon, sunspots • Scanned heavens beginning in 1609 • Saturn, moons of Jupiter • Milky Way made up of stars Change in science world Principia • Isaac Newton, English scientist • Book explained law of universal gravitation • Brought together astronomy, physics, math • Wondered about gravity • Gravity affects objects on earth, also in universe • Keeps planets in orbit

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Newton’s Findings Newton developed calculus, new kind of math

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Newton’s Findings Newton developed calculus, new kind of math • Used calculus to predict effects of gravity • German philosopher Gottfried von Leibniz also developed calculus at same time • Each accused the other of plagiarism • Historians believe it was simple case of independent discovery

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Contrast How did Copernicus and Brahe differ in their

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Contrast How did Copernicus and Brahe differ in their views of the universe? Answer(s): Copernicus—all planets orbit the sun; Brahe—sun orbits Earth, other planets orbit sun

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Science and the Church Galileo’s Theories • Brought him

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Science and the Church Galileo’s Theories • Brought him into direct conflict with the church • Church leaders pressured him not to support ideas of Copernicus • Dialogue concerning Two Chief World Systems, 1632, showed support Trial • Pope Urban VII ordered Galileo to Rome to stand trial before Inquisition • Church wanted to stamp out heresy, or dissenting views • Trial held, April 1633 House Arrest • Galileo stated would not use Copernican theory in work • Received lenient sentence in return • Pope ordered Galileo under house arrest, where he spent rest of life

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Discoveries in Biology and Chemistry Just as astronomers moved

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Discoveries in Biology and Chemistry Just as astronomers moved away from the works of ancient Greeks, other scientists used the scientific method to acquire new knowledge and make great discoveries in the fields of Biology and Chemistry. Biology Vesalius • European Middle Ages doctors relied on Greek, Galen • Used bodies of executed criminals for dissection • Galen’s works inaccurate • Hired artists to produce accurate drawings • Flemish doctor Andreas Vesalius became known for work in anatomy • On the Workings of the Human Body, 1543 William Harvey • English physician, early 1600 s • Observed, explained workings of human heart • Described blood, circulatory system functions

Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Science and Art Renaissance Artists • Study of art,

Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Science and Art Renaissance Artists • Study of art, architecture not separate from study of science • Experimented with chemistry of paints, nature of light • Artists learned anatomy in order to paint the body • Used math to create compositions of perfect balance Architecture Science and religion • Mathematics, physics crucial to great architecture • Also used in engineering achievements of the time • Combined to produce great artistic achievements of Renaissance • Most art, architecture dedicated to glory of God

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 How did these discoveries help change the world?

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 How did these discoveries help change the world?

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Draw Conclusions How did the Scientific Revolution have an

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Draw Conclusions How did the Scientific Revolution have an impact beyond the realm of science? Answer(s): led people to question the Church; inspired great artistic achievements; led to new ideas about government, religion, education, and economics.

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 The Enlightenment Who were some Enlightenment thinkers, and what

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 The Enlightenment Who were some Enlightenment thinkers, and what were their ideas? How did philosophers of the Enlightenment influence thinking on political issues? How did the Enlightenment promote revolution in the American colonies?

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 The government it self, or the Any single man

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 The government it self, or the Any single man must judge for himself whether circumstances warrant or resistance administration ofobedience its affairs, are to the commands of the civil magistrate; we are all better to one, then qualified, committed entitled, and morally obliged to evaluate the conduct of our rulers. Rudiments, This political judgment, many. (Hobbes, x. 16. moreover, is not simply or primarily a right, but like 163. ) self-preservation, a duty to God. As such it is a judgment that men cannot part with according to the God of Nature. It is the first and foremost of our inalienable rights without which we can preserve no other.

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 The government it self, or the administration of its

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 The government it self, or the administration of its affairs, are better committed to one, then many. (Hobbes, Rudiments, x. 163. ) According to Hobbes, man in the state of nature seeks nothing but his own selfish pleasure, but such individualism naturally leads to a war in which every man's hand is against his neighbour. In pure self-interest and for self-preservation men entered into a compact by which they agreed to surrender part of their natural freedom to an absolute ruler in order to preserve the rest. The State determines what is just and unjust, right and wrong; and the strong arm of the law provides the ultimate sanction for right conduct. (Catholic Encyclopaedia: Obligation, 1911)

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Any single man must judge for himself whether circumstances

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Any single man must judge for himself whether circumstances warrant obedience or resistance The power of the legislative being derived to the commands of the magistrate; we are all from the people by acivil positive voluntary qualified, and morally to evaluate grant andentitled, institution, can beobliged no other than the conduct of our rulers. This political judgment, what that positive grant conveyed, which moreover, is not simply or primarily a right, but like being only to make laws, and. As notsuch to make self-preservation, a duty to God. it is a legislators, the legislative can have no to the judgment that men cannot part with according God of to Nature. It is their the first and foremost of our power transfer authority of making inalienable rights without which we can preserve no laws, and place it in other hands. other.

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 The Age of Reason Scientific Revolution convinced many European

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 The Age of Reason Scientific Revolution convinced many European thinkers about power of reason • Scientific method and reason led to discoveries about physical world • Wondered if reason could be used to study human nature, society – New generation of philosophers, 1600 s – Viewed reason as best way to understand truth – Concluded reason could be used to solve all human problems – This time of optimism now called the Enlightenment

Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution The Age of Reason Ideas of Enlightenment • Educated

Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution The Age of Reason Ideas of Enlightenment • Educated people throughout Europe, beyond, inspired • Held notion that world problems could be solved • New ideas debated in coffeehouses, public spaces • Writers published ideas in books, magazines, pamphlets Peak of Enlightenment • Reached peak in 1700 s • Paris, center of intellectual activity • Parisian women hosted social gatherings, salons • Philosophers, artists, scientists, writers regularly discussed ideas

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Find the Main Idea What exciting conclusion did philosophers

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Find the Main Idea What exciting conclusion did philosophers reach during the Enlightenment? Answer(s): Reason could be used to solve all human problems.

Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Enlightenment Ideas Spread Challenged Beliefs • • • Writers,

Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Enlightenment Ideas Spread Challenged Beliefs • • • Writers, philosophers questioned ideas long held as absolute truth Challenged beliefs in absolute monarchies Questioned relationship between church and state Debated rules and rights of people in society Promoted ideas reformers and revolutionaries would later use to change society Reforms • Belief in progress spurred many to enact reforms • Believed reason could solve any problem, debated ways to make society more just • Did not accept poverty, ignorance, inequality as facts of life Revolutions • Ideas about power, authority inspired reforms and revolutions • American colonists inspired to break free from British monarchy • Colonists strongly influenced by political views of Locke, Rousseau

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 New Views on Government As the Enlightenment began, European

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 New Views on Government As the Enlightenment began, European thinkers began looking for ways to apply reason in order to improve the human condition. Thomas Hobbes John Locke • English thinker, wrote views of government in Leviathan • English philosopher, believed all people born equal • Absolute monarchy best • Government should protect people’s natural rights – Monarchs not chosen by God – Government by consent – Power limited by laws – Ideas foundation for modern democracy • Believed people needed government to impose order – People selfish, greedy – Should exchange some freedoms for peace, safety, order – Social contract

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Jean-Jacques Rousseau • French philosopher, believed people basically good

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Jean-Jacques Rousseau • French philosopher, believed people basically good • Believed society corrupted people • Wrote The Social Contract, contract between all members of society • “Man is born free but everywhere is in chains. ” View of Government, Society • Believed government should work for common good, not wealthy few • Individuals should give up some freedoms for benefit of community • Despised inequality in society • Views inspired revolutionaries in years to come

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Baron de Montesquieu Separation of powers • Best form

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Baron de Montesquieu Separation of powers • Best form of government divided power among branches of government • Separation of powers kept individual or group from abusing power The Spirit of the Laws • Published 1748, showed admiration of Great Britain’s government • Powers divided into branches: legislative, executive, judicial • Parliament made laws, king carried out laws, courts interpreted laws Checks and balances • Misunderstood structure of British government, rational conclusion anyway • Separation of powers allowed each branch to check against power of others • Concept later important structure of democratic governments

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 New Views on Society Some Enlightenment philosophers focused on

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 New Views on Society Some Enlightenment philosophers focused on government, others on issues in society • Francois-Marie Arouet, wrote as Voltaire • Outspoken philosopher, wrote with biting wit – Attacked injustice among nobility, government, church – Created enemies, imprisoned twice – Exiled to England for two years – Defended principles, fought superstition, ignorance – Lifelong struggle for justice, toleration, liberty

Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution New Views on Society Diderot • French philosopher •

Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution New Views on Society Diderot • French philosopher • Determined in mid-1700 s to try to compile great expansion of human knowledge into a single work Lifelong work • Worked on Encyclopedia 27 years, last volume published 1772 • Spread Enlightenment ideas across Europe, North America Encyclopedia • Diderot’s extensive 35 -volume work, to promote knowledge • Explained new ideas about art, science, government, religion Attacks by French leaders • Criticisms of church, government, legal system • Tried to stop publication, 1759 • Last volumes completed in secret, but immediate success

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Mary Wollstonecraft • Enlightenment thinkers still held traditional views

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Mary Wollstonecraft • Enlightenment thinkers still held traditional views about women • Proper roles wives, mothers; should receive limited education • Wollstonecraft demanded equal rights for women • A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, equal education for women Adam Smith • Scottish economist, used reason to analyze economic systems • The Wealth of Nations advanced free market enterprise • Strong believer in laissez-faire economics, no government regulation • Believed economy would be stronger if market forces of supply and demand were allowed to work freely

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Summarize How did philosophers challenge the accepted way of

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Summarize How did philosophers challenge the accepted way of life in Europe? Answer(s): They challenged the domination of the nobility and mostly argued that all men are equal.

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Enlightenment Ideas Spread The spirit of optimism quickly spread

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Enlightenment Ideas Spread The spirit of optimism quickly spread throughout Europe. A few monarchs became enlightened despots, changing their systems of government and ruling according to Enlightenment ideas. Prussia Reforms • Frederick II, had duty to rule with absolute power • Elementary education for all children • Also strongly influenced by ideas of Voltaire • Abolished torture • Built powerful military, introduced reforms • Supported most forms of religious tolerance • Reduced censorship Limitations • No religious tolerance for Jews • Opposed serfdom, did not abolish • Did not make reforms to achieve justice but to make own rule more powerful

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Enlightenment Ideas Spread Russia • Catherine II became ruler,

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Enlightenment Ideas Spread Russia • Catherine II became ruler, 1762 • Dreamed of establishing order, justice, supporting education, culture Reforms • Drafted Russian constitution, code of laws • Considered too liberal, never put into practice Limitations • Intended to free serfs, but would lose support of wealthy landowners • Catherine had no intention of giving up power • Became tyrant, imposed serfdom on more Russians than ever before

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Enlightenment Ideas Spread Most radical enlightened despot, Austria •

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Enlightenment Ideas Spread Most radical enlightened despot, Austria • Joseph II, became emperor 1780 • Ambitious reform program – Eliminated torture, death penalty – Provided free food, medicine for poor – Granted religious tolerance to Protestants and Jews – Abolished serfdom, laborers to be paid • Changes resisted by nobility, church