THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Causes of the Scientific Revolution

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

Causes of the Scientific Revolution � The voyages of discovery and colonization � Ancient & Medieval works translated into Latin, then vernacular languages � New inventions & institutions that promoted sharing of knowledge

Aristotle � Old Belief: the world is flat, covered by a bowl above � New Theory: Geocentric Theory – the world is round, and is the center of the universe � Findings: Uses logical reasoning � Reactions: affirms religious teachings � Impact: theories last for over 1, 000 years

Nicolaus Copernicus � Old Belief: Geocentric theory � New Theory: Heliocentric Theory – the sun is at the center of the universe � Findings: Maps the sky for 20 years � Reactions: Disbelief and outrage – “this goes against the church’s teachings!” � Impact: Father of modern Astronomy

Tycho Brahe & Johannes Kepler � Old Belief: Geocentric theory (perfectly circular orbits, universe never changes) � New Theory: Geo-Heliocentric theory, elliptical orbits, universe is changing � Findings: View a supernova, use complex mathematics to prove theory � Reactions: Disbelief � Impact: No credit until after death

Galileo Galilei Old Belief: Geocentric theory, universe is perfect & unchanging � New Belief: Universe is imperfect & changing � Findings: Creates telescope to view the heavens � Reactions: Attacked by the Inquisition – spends rest of life under house arrest � Impact: Discovery of Jupiter’s moons, sun spots, and visual proof of Helocentricity �

Isaac Newton � Old Belief: Geocentric theory, spirits control the movement of heavenly bodies � New Belief: Heliocentric theory, gravity � Findings: Complex mathematics prove Newton’s “ 3 laws” � Reactions: wide-spread acceptance � Impact: Father of engineering and physics

Rene Descartes � Old Belief: Math and philosophy should be separate sciences � New Belief: �Math and philosophy can be used together to do amazing things �Everything should be questioned � Findings: Cartesian coordinates, no limits to God’s creation � Reactions: Math was controversial, but logical reasoning was supported � Impact: Father of Geometry and Western Philosophy

Francis Bacon � Old Belief: logic and reason are sufficient to prove a scientific belief � New Belief: experimentation is necessary to prove a theory � Findings: creates the Scientific Method � Reactions: ignored by Queen Elizabeth, but knighted by James I � Impact: father of “empiricism” – knowledge can only come from experimentation

Galen of Pergamum � Old Belief: Body is controlled by spirits and humors � New Belief: Body can be understood through examination � Findings: Dissection of animals to learn about human body � Reactions: Acceptance – God made all of us after all � Impact: Founder of anatomy – theories untested for over 1, 000 years!

Andreas Vesalius � Old Belief: Dissection of bodies is a sin � New Belief: Human dissection is essential to medicine � Findings: Dissected human corpses to prove theories � Reactions: Acceptance – can’t argue with physical evidence � Impact: Founder of modern science of anatomy and physiology

William Harvey � Old Belief: Food is turned into blood in the heart � New Belief: The heart constantly recycles the same blood � Findings: Observed a still-beating heart � Reactions: Many unwilling to accept his theories � Impact: Father of physiology – how the body works • Capacity of heart =1. 5 ounces • Each pump = , 1/8 of blood expelled. • Estimates 1/6 oz. of blood went through heart each pump • Estimates heart beats 1000 times every 30 mins • This would require 10 pounds 6 ounces of blood to be created in 30 mins • Liver would have to produce 540 pounds of blood in a day.