Chapter 5 The Phrase Part 1 Prepositional Phrases

Chapter 5: The Phrase Part 1: Prepositional Phrases. The Adjective & Adverb Phrase

What is a phrase? • A group of words that is missing a verb, a subject, or both • Examples: – in the kitchen (no subject or verb) – could have been hiding (no subject) – to go with them (no subject)

Practice…Are these phrases or not • when you know – NP • in the garden – P (missing subject and verb) • is sleeping – P (missing subject) • how she remembered – NP • smiling brightly – P (missing subject) • to the supermarket – P (missing subject and verb)

Kinds of Phrases • 1) Prepositional Phrase: – Begins with a preposition (remember your song…because now you really need it!!!) – Ends with a noun or pronoun

Example Prepositional Phrases • during the day – Preposition: during – Noun/pronoun: day • with us – Preposition: with – Noun/pronoun: us

Kinds of Phrases cont’d • 1 A) The Adjective Phrase – A prepositional phrase that describes a noun or pronoun – So, it begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, but it goes back to or is giving extra information about a noun or pronoun • Charles Dickens wrote many tales {about poverty}. – about poverty = the adjective phrase (begins with about, ends with poverty) – tales = the noun it is giving extra information about

Adjective Phrase cont’d • Answers the questions: – What kind? – How many? – Which one? – How much? **TIP** Adjective phrases usually follow the word or words they describe

Adjective Phrase cont’d • You try… – Easy-----The store with the neon sign is open. – Harder----Here’s a gift for you from Mr. B. – Hardest-----A majority of the animals in the world sleep during the day.

Adjective Phrase Answers: – Easy-----The store {with the neon sign} is open. • with the neon sign = adjective phrase • store = noun it is describing (answers: which one? ) – Harder----Here’s a gift {for you} {from Mr. B}. • for you = adjective phrase • from Mr. B = adjective phrase • gift = noun that BOTH phrases are describing (answers: which one? ) – Hardest-----A majority {of the animals} {in the world} sleep during the day. • • of the animals = adjective phrase majority = noun it is describing (answers: how many? ) in the world = adjective phrase animals = noun it is describing (part of the 1 st adjective phrase) (answers: what kind? )

Kinds of Phrases cont’d • 1 B) The Adverb Phrase – A prepositional phrase that describes a verb, adjective, or adverb – So, it begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, but it goes back to or is giving extra information about a verb, adjective, or adverb • The Ford Motor Company was founded {by Henry Ford} {in 1903}. – by Henry Ford = adverb phrase – in 1903 = adverb phrase – was founded = verb they are giving extra info about

Adverb Phrase cont’d • Answers the questions: – – – – When? Where? How? Why? How often? How long? To what extent? • **TIP** like adverbs, adverb phrases can move around in the sentence. Adjective phrases usually only follow the word or words they describe.

Adverb Phrase cont’d • You try… – Easy----We got our new puppy at the animal shelter. – Harder----She drove for hours through the storm. – Hardest----The boat landed on the island near the coast.

Adverb Phrase Answers – Easy----We got our new puppy {at the animal shelter}. • at the animal shelter = adverb phrase • got = verb it is describing (answers: where? ) – Harder----She drove {for hours} {through the storm}. • for hours = adverb phrase • through the storm = adverb phrase • drove = verb that BOTH phrases are describing (answers: how long? and where? ) – Hardest----The boat landed {on the island} {near the coast}. • • on the island = adverb phrase landed = verb it is describing (answers: where? ) near the coast = adjective phrase island = noun it is describing (part of the adverb phrase) (answers: which one? )

Chapter 5: The Phrase Part II: Verbal Phrases. The Participle & Infinitive Phrases

What is a Participle? • A verb form that can be used as an adjective (describes a noun or pronoun) • 1) Present Participle = ends in “ing” • 2) Past Participle = ends in “d” or “ed” – Some past participles are irregular and do not have this ending • For example: frozen • I went ice skating on the frozen pond. – Frozen = past participle – Pond = noun it is describing

Practice: pg 99 -100 • Find the participles and nouns/pronouns they describe: – Annoyed, I went inside to watch TV. • Annoyed = past participle • I = pronoun it is describing – I woke my sleeping father to ask about mosquitoes. • Sleeping = present participle • Father = noun it is describing – Sucking blood for food, mosquitoes survive in many different cultures. • Sucking = present participle • Mosquitoes = noun it is describing – Bites make the skin swell, and the swollen skin itches. • Swollen = past participle • Skin = noun it is describing

Participle Phrase • Participle phrases are used as adjectives (describes a noun/pronoun) • Begins with a participle and contains all describing words – Examples: • Stretching slowly • Predicted by the meteorologist • Reading the assignment

Participle Phrases • Tips: – Look for words that end in “ing” or are past tense – Ask: Who or What is that word talking about? – Check to make sure the who or what is a noun – **Many times, these phrases have commas after them!

You Try… • Cheering for the team, we celebrated the victory. – Cheering for the team (uses present participle) • Shown here, his design for the newest fighter jet was the first one in history. – Shown here (uses past participle) • Have you ever heard of International Left. Hander’s Day, celebrated on August 13? – Celebrated on August 13 (uses past participle)

What is an infinitive? • A verb form that can be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb. • Most infinitives begin with the preposition “to” • **They are ALWAYS followed by a VERB** • Examples: – To remain – To meet – To dream

You Try… • My first stop would be to visit the Statue of Liberty. – To visit = infinitive • France gave the statue to the U. S. in 1884. – None • It was a gift to express the friendship between the two nations. – To express = infinitive

Infinitive Phrases • An infinitive phrase begins with the infinitive (to + a verb) and contains all describing words & prepositional phrases • Examples: – To be a good gymnast – To fly over both the North and South Poles – To go to the gym now

You Try… • A bird sings to claim its territory. – To claim its territory • Human beings learned to build aircraft by carefully studying the way birds fly. – To build aircraft • To recognize the songs of different birds takes many hours of practice. – To recognize the songs of different birds • Birds use their feathers to push their bodies through the air. – To push their bodies through the air

Part III: Phrases Appositive Phrases

What is an appositive? • It is a noun or pronoun placed beside another noun or pronoun to describe or give more information about it. • Most often, they are surrounded by commas. • Example: – My teacher, Mr. Craig, enjoys books by Jane Austen. • Mr. Craig = appositive • Teacher = noun it is describing

Appositive Phrase • A phrase that is giving more information about a noun or pronoun. • Examples: – Frankie, a goodhearted and intelligent girl, is a pleasure to teach. • Set off by commas & can be taken out – Trevor’s friend Mike sometimes gives Trevor poor advice. • Not set off by commas because Trevor has more than one friend, so Mike’s name is important in the sentence

You Try… • My sister Alyssa is a hard worker. – Alyssa = appositive – Sister = noun it is describing • Chris, my next door neighbor, is a carpenter. – My next door neighbor = appositive phrase – Chris = noun it is describing • Will your cousin Tiffany visit you this summer? – Tiffany = appositive – Cousin = noun it is describing • Gino is playing with his favorite toy, the Thomas train set. – The Thomas the train set = appositive phrase – Toy = noun it is describing • Jackson Square, a landmark in New Orleans, has a statue of Andrew Jackson on it. – A landmark in New Orleans = appositive phrase – Jackson Square = noun it is describing