Changes in Georgia and America 1945 1963 The

Changes in Georgia and America 1945– 1963 The U. S. and Georgia prosper and change in the years following World War II, but the nation faces several international crises. Atlanta’s “Five Points” area, circa 1950. NEXT

Changes in Georgia and America 1945– 1963 SECTION 1 Postwar America SECTION 2 Cold War America SECTION 3 Georgia’s Growing Economy SECTION 4 Political Changes in Georgia NEXT

Section 1 Postwar America The years after World War II are a time of rapid change in American society. NEXT

SECTION 1 Postwar America The Baby Boom Generation The G. I. Bill • U. S. population 140, 000 in 1945 • 12 million in military in June 1945, including 320, 000 Georgians - most reentering civilian life soon; need help finding jobs, homes • G. I. Bill—Serviceman’s Readjustment Act of 1944 - provides mortgage, business assistance; free education to veterans • About eight million veterans attend school on G. I. Bill Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 1 continued The Baby Boom Generation Educating the Baby Boom Generation • Military personnel return as civilians; cause U. S. birthrate to rise - Americans born between 1946 and 1964 called baby boomers • Jump in birthrate creates need for more schools and teachers • Government worried Soviet Union has educational advantage over U. S. • Congress offers loans to students wanting to become teachers - funds science, math programs in schools Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 1 continued The Baby Boom Generation Housing the Baby Boomers • G. I. Bill provides low-cost home loans • Many new homes located in suburbs— areas outside city centers - suburban population rises 46% in 1950 s • Suburbs represent prosperity, but also segregation in society - many African Americans can’t afford suburban homes - people in suburbs often will not sell to minorities NEXT

SECTION 1 Popular Culture in the 1950 s Music • Teens embrace rock ‘n’ roll; jazz, crooners also popular Georgia Musicians • Many Georgians contribute to music scene in 1950 s and 1960 s • Ray Charles, Gladys Knight, Little Richard, James Brown, others The Role of Women • Many Americans feel woman’s role is in home; role starts to change - more women attend college, work outside home - idea of a woman having a long-term career still rare Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 1 continued Popular Culture in the 1950 s Literature • American postwar writers see problems in American society • Ernest Hemingway, J. D. Salinger, John Steinbeck well-known authors Georgia Writers • Flannery O’Connor perhaps best-known Georgia writer - born in Savannah; writes two novels, 31 short stories • Carson Mc. Cullers writes The Heart is a Lonely Hunter at 23 - style called “Southern Gothic”—set in South, full of tragedy, danger NEXT

Section 2 Cold War Americans believe that new enemies, especially the Soviet Union, threaten their existence. NEXT

SECTION 2 Cold War America The Atomic Bomb The Nuclear Arms Race • Many Americans believe communism is a threat after World War II • Cold War—hostile relations between U. S. and communist countries • Soviet Union detonates atomic bomb, 1949; nuclear arms race begins - nuclear arms race—U. S. , Soviet Union’s competition for atomic weapons Civil Defense • Americans prepare to defend against nuclear attack • Schools practice nuclear attack drills; people build fallout shelters NEXT

SECTION 2 Fighting a Hot and Cold War Postwar Japan • U. S. occupies, rebuilds Japan; country becomes democracy • Japan learns American industrial methods; some industries take off The Iron Curtain • Allied Powers—U. S. , France, England, Soviet Union—occupy Germany • Josef Stalin wants to concentrate on building Soviet power, 1946 - cuts communication with allies; tries to control nearby countries • Stalin’s iron curtain cuts Soviet Union off from rest of world Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 2 continued Fighting a Hot and Cold War Marshall Plan • U. S. believes Great Depression was one cause of World War II - believes Europe’s economy must be rebuilt to prevent another war • Marshall Plan includes 17 western European countries, Soviet Union • Soviets against rebuilding Germany, refuse to participate • Soviets block access to western half of Berlin; U. S. cannot send aid Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 2 continued Fighting a Hot and Cold War Containment Map • U. S. creates North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 1949 • U. S. , 11 European nations ally in case of Soviet invasion • Containment becomes U. S. foreign policy for next 40 years - containment—stopping spread of communism • Soviet Union, Europe’s communist countries sign Warsaw Pact in 1955 - pact to defend each other if attacked; counters NATO; dissolves, 1991 NEXT

SECTION 2 Threats from Within Joseph R. Mc. Carthy • Government concerned about communism in U. S. as early as 1940 • House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) established - investigates charges of communists influencing society • Joseph R. Mc. Carthy tries to expose communists in government, 1950 s • Mc. Carthy lacks evidence for accusations; ruins many careers, lives - public opinion turns against Mc. Carthy in 1954, ends political career NEXT

SECTION 2 The Korean Conflict Communism in Asia • Communist Mao Tse Tung takes over China, 1947; U. S. views as threat • Communist-controlled North Korea invades South Korea, June 24, 1950 • U. S. sends troops to stop invasion; China assists North Korea • Neither side wins after three years; ceasefire signed July 27, 1953 Map NEXT

SECTION 2 The Kennedy Years The “New Frontier” • Democrat John F. Kennedy wins presidency, 1960 • Campaign promises “New Frontier, ” and to attack U. S. social problems • Cold War, containment issues keeps Kennedy from social issues Bay of Pigs • Fidel Castro takes over Cuba; nearby communist rule worries U. S. • Kennedy supports group of Cubans trying to remove Castro, April 1961 • Cuba captures Anti-Castro forces at Bay of Pigs, invasion fails Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 2 continued The Kennedy Years The Berlin Wall • Soviet Union concerned about people leaving communist East Berlin • Soviets build wall separating West, East Berlin; 1961 Image Cuban Missile Crisis • Cuban Missile Crisis, fall 1962—Kennedy’s worst diplomacy problem • U. S. spy planes detect Soviet missiles in Cuba • Kennedy blocks Soviet access to Cuba, demands weapon removal • U. S. , Soviets at brink of nuclear war; Soviets remove weapons Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 2 continued The Kennedy Years Vietnam • U. S. considers North Vietnam’s Ho Chi Minh a threat to South Vietnam - U. S. supplies money, weapons, military advisors to South Vietnam Civil Rights • Supreme Court rules segregation illegal (1954); much of South resists • Some Georgia politicians fight integration, take states’ rights position • Over time, many Georgians try to make integration go smoothly President Kennedy is Assassinated • Kennedy shot and killed November 22, 1963 in Dallas; nation mourns NEXT

Section 3 Georgia’s Growing Economy Georgia’s farms and cities go through significant changes from the 1940 s through the 1960 s. NEXT

SECTION 3 Georgia’s Growing Economy Population Trends in Georgia Shifting Populations • Many African American, white farmers move to cities from 1930 s to 1960 s • Rural population falls, from 1. 3 million in 1940 to 228, 000 by 1970 Urban Growth Map • Many people move to Georgia, offsetting population loss - defense industry, other businesses attract skilled workers • City growth strains public services; many people move to suburbs NEXT

SECTION 3 Changes in Business and Industry Increased Prosperity • Georgia’s post-war economy grows; people earn more than ever before - factory workers, farmers still make less than national average • Service industry makes up 33% of state’s workforce by 1960 Urban Centers • One-third of new factory jobs in 1940 s, 1950 s in metro Atlanta area • After war, Savannah grows; becomes one of largest U. S. port cities • Georgia’s 12 military bases provide jobs, contribute to economy Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 3 continued Changes in Business and Industry • Auto assembly, textiles remain important industries • Banking, transportation, utilities, other industries grow important Labor Unions • Unions renew efforts to organize in Georgia after World War II • Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) launches Operation Dixie • Operation Dixie—attempt to set up unions in South - attempts to unionize textile workers meet violence, intimidation NEXT

SECTION 3 Changes in Agriculture Mechanization • Wartime prosperity ends for most Georgia farmers, sharecroppers • Farmers begin to rely more on tractors to till soil, harvest crops • Mechanization lowers demand for sharecroppers, forces many off land Dairy and Livestock • Improved transportation, new markets make dairy profitable in South • Poultry farming grows after war; now state’s largest farm industry Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 3 continued Changes in Agriculture Improved Farming Methods • New crop strains, pesticides, better organization improve farm production • Operation costs also rise; small farmers, sharecroppers can’t keep up • Small farms sell; land bought to create larger farming operations Crop Diversity • Agriculture becomes less important to Georgia economy • Crops diversify; by 1960 only 10 percent of farmland used for cotton • Poultry, livestock, peanuts, tobacco, soybeans are dominant by 1980 Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 3 Changes in Urban Georgia Transportation • Atlanta becomes rail, highway, and airline hub • MARTA rapid transit created to cut Atlanta’s traffic congestion - traffic problems still exist Lake Sidney Lanier • Atlanta’s growth creates need for more water • Dams on Chattahoochee River create lake for water source - Lake Sidney Lanier completed 1956 NEXT

Section 4 Political Changes in Georgia The political scene in Georgia undergoes many changes. NEXT

SECTION 4 Political Changes in Georgia Politics in World War II Georgia The Board of Regents Controversy • Eugene Talmadge elected governor in 1941 opposing New Deal programs - wants non-Georgians, political opponents out of Georgia colleges - tries to get two college teachers fired for promoting integration - forces two Board of Regents members to quit, new board fires teachers • Talmadge’s actions become known as the Board of Regents Controversy • Georgia public schools lose recognition; Talmadge loses 1942 election Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 4 continued Politics in World War II Georgia Governor Ellis Arnall • Ellis Arnall defeats Talmadge in 1942 election, promises reform - disagrees with Talmadge’s use of power, reduces power of office • Arnall’s prison reform abolishes chain gangs, selling pardons • Lowers voting age from 21 to 18; first state to do so • Begins process of revising state constitution; approved in 1945 NEXT

SECTION 4 Atlanta’s Political Leadership William Berry Hartsfield • William B. Hartsfield becomes Atlanta’s mayor, 1937– 40, 1942– 62 - convinces whites, African-Americans to work together for progress • Atlanta grows in population, size; is known for “doing business” • While councilman in 1920 s, Hartsfield starts Atlanta’s airport - supports Atlanta’s zoo; reforms police, fire departments NEXT

SECTION 4 Georgia Politics Gaining Political Power through the Vote • African-American leaders work to register Atlanta’s black voters, 1946 • Helen Douglas Mankin becomes first Georgia woman in Congress, 1947 • Multiracial coalition elects Mankin—major change in Georgia politics 1946 Governor’s Race • Eugene Talmadge runs again in 1946 on white supremacy platform • Talmadge wins election but dies before taking office - resulting confusion known as three governors controversy Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 4 continued Georgia Politics Three Governors Controversy • Eugene Talmadge’s son Herman claims to be governor • M. E. Thompson elected Lieutenant Governor, says he should take over • Ellis Arnall refuses to leave office until court settles matter • All three set up governor’s offices • Georgia Supreme Court names Thompson governor until special election • Herman Talmadge wins 1948 special election, serves two terms Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 4 continued Georgia Politics County Unit System Struck Down • County unit system gives rural counties control of state politics - rural more conservative; their control keeps segregation in place • Federal courts rule county unit system unconstitutional, 1962 - change to “one man, one vote” system • Carl Sanders from Augusta elected 1962 - vows to improve state’s image NEXT

SECTION 4 Georgia Politicians on the National Scene Richard B. Russell, Jr. • Richard B. Russell, Jr. serves in U. S. Senate, 1933– 1971 • Initially supports New Deal, but support drops as Depression goes on • Supports segregation, strong defense; opposes Vietnam involvement Carl Vinson • Carl Vinson elected to Congress at age 30, youngest member at time • Serves 50 years in Congress, supports military expansion • Develops “two-ocean” navy, aircraft carrier named in his honor NEXT

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