Changes in Georgia and America 1945 1963 The

Changes in Georgia and America 1945 -1963

�The U. S. and Georgia prosper and change in the years following World War II, but the nation faces several international crises. Postwar America

�G. I. Bill �Baby boomer �Suburb �Flannery O’Conner �Carson Mc. Cullers Terms Section 1

�The G. I. Bill-Serviceman’s Readjustment Act of 1944 ◦ provides mortgage, business assistance; free education to veterans � 12 million soldiers returning from the War in June 1945 ◦ 320, 000 of those soldiers are from Georgia �These soldiers are returning to civilian life ◦ Eight millions attend school under the G. I. Bill Postwar America

�Because of the returning soldiers, there is a sudden rise in the American population. ◦ Baby Boom –Jump in birthrate ◦ Children Born between 1946 -1964 were know as baby boomers. �This sudden rise in population creates a need for schools and teachers. �Congress fears that the Soviet Union (Russia) has an advantage over the America Schools ◦ Fund better Math and Science programs Postwar America

�Population suburbs increase in the 1950 s due to the G. I. Bill �Minorities cannot afford the Suburban houses and owners will not sell to those that can afford the houses ◦ Creates segregation in the community Postwar America

�Teenagers reject the music of their parents �Rock-n-Roll and Jazz become very popular with the youth of America �Ray Charles, Gladys Knight, Little Richard, James Brown, others �Women’s role in the 1950 s were to stay at home to take care of the family ◦ Women begin to attend college ◦ Women want long-term careers Popular Cullture in in the 1950 s

�Flannery O’Connor perhaps best-known Georgia writer ◦ born in Savannah; writes two novels, 31 short stories �Carson Mc. Cullers writes The Heart is a Lonely Hunter at 23 ◦ style called “Southern Gothic”—set in South, full of tragedy, danger Popular Culture in America

�Cold War �Nuclear Arms Race �Iron Curtain �Containment �Joseph R. Mc. Carthy �Cuban Missile Crisis Cold War America

� The belief that communism is a threat after World War II. ◦ Cold War- Hostile relations between the U. S. and communist countries such as the Soviet Union. ◦ the Soviet Union detonates an atomic weapon ◦ Nuclear Arms Race –U. S. , Soviet Unions competition for atomic weapons. � Civil defense against the atomic bomb becomes an exercise. ◦ Schools teach the nuclear explosion drill. ◦ Fallout shelters are built for protection. Cold War America

Postwar Japan �U. S. Rebuilds Japan to be a Democracy ◦ Japanese learn the industrial ways of the U. S. ◦ Industry explodes in Japan Postwar Germany �Allied Powers are in control of Germany �Soviet Union wants to establish power. ◦ Creates an Iron Curtain- cutting the communicational lines to the Allied Powers of U. S. , Britain and France ◦ Tries to control nearby countries Cold War America

Marshall Plan �Allied powers believe that the WWII started because of the Great Depression. �Believed that they must rebuild Europe’s economy �Soviet Union refuses to help rebuild. ◦ Cuts off the western portion of Berlin ◦ U. S. can not send aid to help. Cold War America

�United States and 11 other countries from NATO to stop the spread of Communism. ◦ North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◦ Formed in case of a Soviet Union Invasion �The purpose is to stop the spread of communism to other countries. ◦ Containment- Stopping the spread of communism �Soviet Union counters NATO by signing the Warsaw Pact in 1955. ◦ Pact between the communist countries ◦ Dissolves in 1991 Cold War America

�Threat of Communism is a fear in America �Joseph R. Mc. Carthy- Senator from Wisconsin that accused people of being communist ◦ Many of these people’s careers were ruined by Mc. Carthy. ◦ Public turns against the senator which ends his career. Cold War

�Communist leader comes to power in China. ◦ Mao Tse Tung: U. S. fears the spread of communism �Korean Conflict ◦ North Korea invades South Korea ◦ United States sends troops to stop the invasion ◦ China aids the North Korean interest. �Neither side wins the conflict after three years of fighting ◦ A ceasefire was signed ◦ Established a new border between the Koreas Cold War America

�Election of 1960 ◦ Kennedy runs on the platform of a “New Frontier” �Kennedy wants to focus on the social problems in the United States. �The Cold War will not allow him to focus on his promise. John F. Kennedy

�Bay of Pigs- Fidel Castro takes over Cuba ◦ Kennedy supports a group of Cubans trying to over throw Castro ◦ Castro captures the anti. Castro forces at the Bay of Pigs �The Berlin Wall ◦ Soviet Union concerned by the people leaving East Berlin for West Berlin ◦ Built the wall in 1961 to separate East and West Berlin. John F. Kennedy

�Cuban Missile Crisis ◦ United States detection of communist missiles in Cuba. ◦ Diplomacy problem for Kennedy �Blocks the Soviet Union access to Cuba and demands that they remove the missiles from Cuba. �The U. S. and Soviet Union on the brink of nuclear war. John F. Kennedy

�Vietnam ◦ North Vietnamese communist leader Ho Chi Minh is considered a threat to the South Vietnam democracy ◦ United States sends money, supplies, and military advisors to South Vietnam. John F. Kennedy

� 1954 - the U. S. Supreme court rules on Brown v. Board of Education ◦ Separate is unconstitutional � 1957 - Little Rock, AK, nine African American students were to be integrated into Central High School ◦ Govern used National Guard to keep the students out of the school ◦ President Eisenhower ordered the 101 st Airborne to protect the students � Lester Maddox promise that segregation will not happen as long as he is in office. � Many Caucasians worked with African Americans to help segregate society. Civil Rights

�November 22, 1963, Kennedy is assassinated while riding in the streets of Dallas, TX. �The death was a shock to the nation ◦ Kennedy brought a new era to society ◦ One filled with confidence, hope, and a commitment to change. ◦ “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country. ” John F. Kennedy

1. The ______ gave returning soldiers the opportunity to go to school and buy low cost homes. 2. Children born between 1946 -1964 were known as ____. 3. The Cold War was a time of hostilities between ____ and _____. 4. As a result of the hostilities during the Cold War, there was a competition to build atomic bombs known as _______. 5. NATO was formed to stop the spread of communism better known as _____. Section 1 Quiz

6. The court ruling in this case proved that separate is not equal making segregation illegal in schools. What is the court case? 7. Senator ______ accused many people of communist beliefs during the 1950 s eventually ruining their careers. 8. Name the two woman authors from Georgia. 9. President Kennedy had to deal with this intense situation during the 1960 s in which the world was a heartbeat away from nuclear war. 10. The Soviet Union cutoff ties to nations of democracy using the technique known as ______

�Operation Dixie �Lake Sidney Lanier �Board of Regents controversy �Helen Douglas Mankin �Three Governors Controversy �Carl Sanders �Richard B. Russell, Jr. �Carl Vinson Section 3 Terms

�Shifting Populations ◦ Many African American, white farmers move to cities from 1930 s to 1960 s ◦ Rural population falls, from 1. 3 million in 1940 to 228, 000 by 1970 �Many people move to Georgia steady incline in population ◦ Defense industry and other businesses attract skilled workers. ◦ Public services become strained leading to the growth of suburbs. Georgia’s Growing Economy

�People are earning more than ever before in Georgia. ◦ Factory workers and farmers are still making below national average. ◦ Public Service 33% of workforce �One third of new factory jobs are in the metro Atlanta area. �Savannah becomes one of the U. S. largest port cities. �Military Bases provide jobs as well. Georgia’s Growing Economy

�Labor Unions ◦ Auto assembly lines, textile factories remain important industries ◦ Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO) attempt to organize factories for better working conditions ◦ Operation Dixie- attempt to set labor unions in the south ◦ Met intimidation by the factory management. Georgia’s Growing Economy

�Change in agriculture ◦ Prosperity ends for Georgia farmers and Sharecroppers �Sharecroppers are pushed off the land ◦ Rely on Tractors to till the soil and harvest �Livestock becomes an important industry ◦ Poultry is the now the leading farm industry ◦ Improved transportation and new markets make dairy farming profitable. Georgia’s Growing Economy

�Improvements in agriculture change how things are grow ◦ Pesticides, new strains, and better organization ◦ Small farms are sold �Agriculture become less important ◦ 10% is used to grow cotton �Crop diversity such as the growth peanuts, poultry, livestock, peanuts, tobacco, soybeans are dominant by 1980 Changes in Agriculture

�Atlanta becomes the hub of the south ◦ MARTA becomes a large part of transportation �The growth of the city creates a need for war. ◦ Dam the Chattahoochee River creating Lake Sidney Lanier Urban Change

�The Board of Regents controversy cost the University of Georgia their accreditation ◦ Two teachers were promoting integration ◦ Talmadge is elected in 1941, plans to change to the idea of integration. ◦ Fires members from the Board of Regents to place his men to fire the teachers. �Ellis Arnall defeats Talmadge in 1942 ◦ Reduces the power that the governor came have on in the state. ◦ Abolishes Chain gangs and lowers voting ages. Political Changes in Georgia

�William Berry Hartsfield • William B. Hartsfield becomes Atlanta’s mayor, 1937– 40, 1942– 62 ◦ convinces whites, African-Americans to work together for progress �Atlanta grows in population, size; is known for “doing business” �While councilman in 1920 s, Hartsfield starts Atlanta’s airport � supports Atlanta’s zoo; reforms police, fire departments Political Changes in Georgia

�Helen Douglas Mankin becomes first Georgia woman in Congress, 1947 � 1946 Governor’s Race ◦ Eugene Talmadge runs again in 1946 on white supremacy platform ◦ Talmadge wins election but dies before taking office ◦ resulting confusion known as three governors controversy �Herman Talmadge, Ellis Arnall, M. E. Thompson �Court rules for Thompson to hold office until special election �Herman wins in 1948 and serves two terms Political Changes in Georgia

� County Unit System is ruled unconstitutional by the federal court. � The rural community has too much control over politics keeping the state segregated � Carl Sanders is elected in 1962 vows to change the state’s image � Richard Russell, Jr. serves as State senator from 1933 -1971 ◦ Supports the New Deal at firsts, as the depression continues changes his mind. � Carl Vinson is elected to congress at the age of 30 being the youngest of that time. ◦ Supports military expansion, builds “two-ocean” navy. Political changes in Georgia