Origins of the Cold War 1945 1963 I

Origins of the Cold War 1945 -1963

I. Origins 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Stalin refuses free elections “Satelite” Nations Violation of war conference agreements USA, UK, France unify Germany USSR keep it weak. March 1946, Churchill says, “Iron curtain has descended across Europe. ” communism

II. Containment 1. Sec. of State Marshall, Dean Acheson, George Kennan 2. Containment 3. Truman Doctrine—USA had a duty to give $$ to help free nations under comm. threat.

III. Marshall Plan 1. Truman needed to supply $$ to rebuild Europe 2. $3 billion; over 4 yrs. 3. Rebuilding democratic govt’s 4. Help the region? Embarrass USSR? 5. Success region entirely self-sufficient

IV. Berlin and the Warsaw Pact 1. Stalin wants no part of capitalism cuts off E. Germ. from W. 2. Berlin Airlift 3. NATO 4. Warsaw Pact

Berlin and the Warsaw Pact (cont’d) 5. 6. 7. 8. One-up each other arms race 1949—USSR tests A-bomb 1952—USA tests hydrogen bomb 1, 000 stronger than “Fat Man” and “Little Boy”

V. National Security Act & NSC-68 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Nat. Sec. Act, 1947 D. O. D National Sec. Council CIA NSC-68 1. Use of troops to achieve containment

VI. Cold War: Asia 1. 2. 3. 4. Chian Kai-shek Mao Zedong 1949 --China becomes communist 1950—Stalin + Mao= communist bloc

Korea 5. Korea 6. N. Korea communist 7. 1950 -cross 38 th parallel into S. 8. UN intervenes 9. USA declares “police action” not war 10. N. Korean advanced repelled 11. Mac. Arthur pushes N. Korea to Chinese border

Korea (cont’d) 12. UN pushed back across 38 th parallel 13. Mac. Arthur critical disobeys Truman removed from command 14. 1953—Stalemate still divided at 38 th parallel…to this day

VII. Ike and Kennedy 1. 1952—Ike elected pres. (Nixon VP) 2. Sec. of State—John Foster Dulles 1. Brinkmanship—nuclear war 2. Massive retaliation—USA would unleash nukes if threatened. 3. Smaller countries?

VIII. U 2, Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis 1. 1958—U 2 spy plane (recon. ) shot down 2. Since 1955, USA spying on USSR 3. Khrushchev, andry. calls off 1960 meeting

Bay of Pigs 4. 1959—Castro takes control 5. Nationalizes US businesses—land reform 6. USA cuts off dipl. rel. Castro looks to USSR 7. Ike approves plan to invade Cuba; but dies

Bay of Pigs 8. 1961—JFK pres. agrees to invade Cuba 9. CIA, w/bad intelligence, used exiles to overthrow Castro 10. Failure and embarrassment 11. Krushchev wants USA out of Berlin 12. JFK refuses 13. Berlin Wall

Cuban Missile Crisis 14. October 1962 -Spy planes see nukes in Cuba 15. Threat goes from 30 min. to 30 sec. 16. JFK orders missiles removed 17. USSR; Castro say no 18. JFK orders naval blockade of Cuba 19. “Red Phone”—hot line for USA and USSR for emergencies.

Cuban Missile Crisis (cont’d) 20. Dulles “new look”, no good 21. JFK, “flexible response” for communists 22. Conventional tactics 23. Special Operations 1. Green Berets

IX. Second Red Scare 1. House Un-American Activities Committee(HUAC) 2. Fear, paranoia 3. Alger Hiss 5 yrs. 4. Julius & Ethel Rosenberg death

Second Red Scare (cont’d) 5. Sen. (R)Joseph Mc. Carthy 6. Mc. Carthyism 7. Communist “witch hunt”

X. Americans & the Cold War 1. Fear of Hitler/Tojo fear of nuclear war 2. Americans need protection 3. Sputnik, 1957

Americans & the Cold War (cont’d) 4. 1958, Ike creates NASA 5. National Highway Act, 1956 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Interstate freeways 42, 000 miles Quick evacuation Emergency landing Transport missiles

Americans & the Cold War (cont’d) 6. Ike warns of the “military-industrial complex” nation driven by needs of the arms race & war machine