Agenda Clauses Sentence Structure Practice Clauses Independent Or

Agenda • Clauses • Sentence Structure • Practice!

Clauses • Independent • Or • Dependent

Independent Clauses • A clause that can stand alone as a short sentence • Ex. Jim ran track.

Dependent Clause • Contains subject and verb • Not a complete thought • Ex. When Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz. – What happened next? Not a complete thought

You know it’s dependent when… • after, although, as if, because, before, even if, even though, if, in order to, since, though, unless, until, whatever, whenever, whether, and while.

Which is which? • When Jim ran track, he stayed in really good shape. • Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz, but it was hard to concentrate because of the noise.

You know it’s independent when… • Independent Marker Words – also, consequently, furthermore, however, moreover, nevertheless, and therefore. • Coordinating Conjunctions – and, but, for, nor, so, and yet – Connecting words at the beginning of independent clauses

Sentence Structure • • Simple Compound Complex Compound-Complex

Simple • One Independent Clause • Ex. The designer has a flair for fashion.

Compound • Contains more than one independent clause • Ex. The designer has a flair for fashion; she creates clothes every season

Complex • One independent clause and at least one dependent clause • Ex. When the spring fashion season beins, the designer creates new clothes

Compound-Complex • Contains more than one independent clause & at least one dependent • Ex. When the spring fashion season begins, the designer draws new designs, and she creates new clothes.

Sentence Types • • Declarative Imperative Interrogative Exclamatory

Declarative • Makes a statement and ends with period • The baker mixed the ingredients for the cake.

Imperative • Gives a command or order • Subject is always “you” (expressed or understood) • Be careful when walking near teething puppies.

Interrogative • Asks a question • Will you bake a cake for me?

Exclamatory • • Expresses strong feelings or emotions More forceful than declarative Explanation Point! I love birthday parties!

Agenda • Phrases, clauses, sentences

Phrases • Usually no more than 3 words long • Do not have subjects, finite verbs or objects • Function is purely descriptive (adding extra detail about nouns and verbs) • Types: adjectival, adverbial, infinitival, participial, prepositional, gerund

Clauses • Dependent (subordinate) or Independent (main or superordinate) • Main grammatical chunks of a sentence • Dependent: either relative (adjectival), adverbial, or noun clauses • ALL clauses have subjects and predicates whether explicit or implicit

Sentence • Rhetorical Unit • Must have at least one independent clause (simple sentence) • With or without dependent clauses or phrases • Or may contain 2 or independent clauses (compound), one or more dependent clauses (complex), and possibly, phrases (compound/complex)

Prepositional Phrases • Take me to the opera. • What is in the box that came from Hawaii?

Prep. Phrases that function as adjectival phrases • The woman on the phone is Jane. (describe woman) • The mysteries of outer space are waiting for us. (describes mysteries)

Prep. Phrases that function as adverbs • Bob was caught on the horns of a dilemma. (describes how) • A large rabbit dove under the ground. (describes where)

Prep. Phrases that function as a complex noun (subject) • In the evening (it) is as good a time as any. (‘what’ is a good time? )

Gerund Phrases • Gerunds are verb forms ending in ‘ing’ that function as nouns • Reading blueprints is not as easy as it sounds. (subject) • Thoreau placed great value on living simply. (object of preposition) • Having missed the bus, we arrived late at the party (participial phrase/modifier for ‘we’)

Infinitival Phrase • Can function as a noun phrase, adjectival or adverbial • A waiter’s job is to serve a table. (answer ‘what’ = function as noun phrase) • It’s important to have a good language to suit the occasion. (functioning as adjectival phrase)

Infinitival Phrase • We’ll have to run to catch the train. (functioning as an adverbial phrase – answer ‘why’) • We hope to win the race. (infinitival phrase functioning as object of the verb = noun phrase)

Finite verbs vs. Infinitive • Finite = always has an implicit or explicit subject – Becomes finite when gets confined by the noun – Connected to by number, ‘person’, or tense • Infinitive = pure, unaffected verb forms – Not tied to any noun, subject, or object – Always have the preposition ‘to’ – This form never acts as a verb

Examples finite vs. infinitive • To sing is a good thing when we are singing uplifting songs.

Participial Phrase • Typically used as adjective to modify noun or pronoun • The gentlemen standing on the corner is the owner (modifies gentlemen) • The fisherman, weathered by experience, calmly took the line. (modifies fisherman)

Participial Phrase • Missing the bus by a second, we decided to take a taxi. (Modifies ‘we’) • Running into the house, Mary tripped on the rug. (modifies Mary) • Incorrect placement of the participial phrase typically results in what we term the ‘dangling modifier’ – in this case, the dangling participial phrase

Adjectival Clause • Follows a noun • Phrase will begin with who, which, that, whose, whom • Ex. Margaret, who loves chocolate, eats a lot of it. • The function of the words is what matters

Adverbial Clause • Do the work of adverbs • Extend description of the finite verb in the independent clause • Tell us: how, when, where, or why something happens • Because she loves chocolate, she eats many. (tells us why) • During the time he ran frequently, he lost 15 pounds. (when)

Noun Clause • Subject or object • That the moon has no heat of its own (it) has been confirmed by scientists. (subject) • It is obvious that truth is hard to come by with habitual liars. (object)

Appositives • Has to do with placement or location • Can be a word or phrase • Any single word or phrase (or dependent clause) is appositional only when it is placed • *A noun or pronoun that renames another noun or pronoun • Most commonly, a noun or pronoun appearing immediately after another noun • The noun or pronoun used appositively, seems to bend back to RENAME previous noun

Appositives • Frequently offset by commas, although not always the case • Woodrow Wilson, the twenty-ninth president of the USA, said that automobiles symbolized the ‘arrogance of wealth. ’ • Noun that bend back is embedded in the whole phrase, so the phrase too is appositively place

Comma or No Comma? • Restrictive = essential to meaning – No commas, can’t take out, necessary • Nonrestrictive – Non-essential

Friday, 1/20 • Learning Lab: Editing/Labeling