Language Network Clauses and Sentence Structure Clauses and

Language Network Clauses and Sentence Structure

Clauses and Sentence Structure Kinds of Clauses Here’s the Idea Independent Clauses Subordinate Clauses Why It Matters Practice and Apply

Here’s the Idea Clause A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb.

Here’s the Idea SUBJECT VERB Your genes carry your family’s genetic history. CLAUSE

Here’s the Idea Clauses add details. Clauses show relationships between ideas.

Here’s the Idea Independent Clause An independent (or main) clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence.

Here’s the Idea Genes contain the code for your physical appearance. INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

Here’s the Idea Subordinate Clause A subordinate (or dependent) clause contains a subject and a verb but does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.

Here’s the Idea Subordinate clauses are introduced by words like if, because, that, when, and since. because inherited genes often skip a generation SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

Here’s the Idea By itself, a subordinate clause is a sentence fragment. that determines your height SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

Here’s the Idea For a complete thought to be expressed, a subordinate clause must be part of a sentence that contains an independent clause. INDEPENDENT CLAUSE Genes contain the code that determines your height. SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

Why It Matters Recognizing independent and subordinate clauses will help you avoid a kind of fragment: a subordinate clause accidentally written as a sentence.

Why It Matters Identify the subordinate clauses that act as fragments. STUDENT MODEL DRAFT Clasp your hands together. As the picture shows. Which thumb is on top? If you clasp your hands to position the other thumb on top. This little trait is inherited.

Why It Matters To fix these fragments, join them with independent clauses. STUDENT MODEL DRAFT REVISON Clasp your hands together. As the picture shows. Which thumb is on top? If you clasp your hands to position the other thumb on top. This little trait is inherited. Clasp your hands together as the picture shows. Which thumb is on top? If you clasp your hands to position the other thumb on top, it feels wrong. This little trait is inherited.

Practice and Apply Join this subordinate clause with an independent clause. 1. before television was invented

Practice and Apply Join this subordinate clause with an independent clause. 2. even though I like computers

Practice and Apply Join this subordinate clause with an independent clause. 3. that you like

Practice and Apply Join this subordinate clause with an independent clause. 4. when you visit New York

Clauses and Sentence Structure Adjective Clauses Here’s the Idea Adjective Clauses Essential Adjective Clauses Nonessential Adjective Clauses Why It Matters Practice and Apply

Here’s the Idea Subordinate clauses can be adjective clauses.

Here’s the Idea Adjective Clause An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that is used as an adjective to modify a noun or a pronoun.

Here’s the Idea What does each adjective clause modify? A family is more than a group of people who are related. NOUN It was she who started our family tree. PRONOUN

Here’s the Idea An adjective clause is introduced by a relative pronoun or by a relative adverb. that, whom, whose, which where, when, why

Here’s the Idea Essential Adjective Clause An essential (or restrictive) adjective clause provides information that is necessary to identify the preceding noun or pronoun.

Here’s the Idea ESSENTIAL ADJECTIVE CLAUSE Someone who is your first cousin is the child of your uncle or aunt.

Here’s the Idea Nonessential Adjective Clause A nonessential (or nonrestrictive) adjective clause adds additional information about a noun or pronoun whose meaning is already clear.

Here’s the Idea NONESSENTIAL ADJECTIVE CLAUSE Irene, who is your first cousin, was married last fall.

Here’s the Idea Use commas to set off a nonessential clause. The commas separate nonessential information from the main idea of the sentence.

Why It Matters Adjective clauses can supply details necessary to explain, support, and connect your ideas.

Why It Matters Adjective clauses help to avoid repetition. STUDENT MODEL DRAFT The reception was held at an old hotel. The hotel looks like a castle.

Why It Matters Join these sentences with independent clauses. STUDENT MODEL DRAFT The reception was held at an old hotel. The hotel looks like a castle. STUDENT MODEL REVISON The reception was held at an old hotel that looks like a castle.

Practice and Apply Identify the adjective clause, along with the word or words it modifies. 5. People first used parachutes to jump from balloons that stayed in the air.

Practice and Apply Identify the adjective clause, along with the words it modifies. 6. Parachutes have large surfaces that trap a lot of air.

Practice and Apply Combine these sentences by changing the second one into an adjective clause. 7. Jacques and Joseph Montgolfier invented the hot-air balloon. They were brothers.

Practice and Apply Combine these sentences by changing the second one into an adjective clause. 8. The balloon was filled with hot air. The balloon was made of linen.