1314 Spring Semester Energy TKK2129 Instructor Rama Oktavian

13/14 Spring Semester Energy (TKK-2129) Instructor: Rama Oktavian Email: rama. oktavian 86@gmail. com Office Hr. : M. 13 -15, Tu. 13 -15, W. 13 -15, Th. 13 -15, F. 09 -11

Outlines 1. Geothermal energy 2. Solar energy 3. Wind energy 4. Hydro energy

Geothermal energy What is it? ? - energy that comes from the ground; power extracted from heat stored in the earth - It was formed by the decay of minerals and forests several years ago - heat is continuously produced inside the earth http: //www. conserve-energy-future. com/Geothermal. Energy. php

Geothermal energy uses http: //www. conservationconversations. com/cmswp/wp-content/uploads/Geothermal. Table. jpg

Geothermal energy Used as district heating 1892: America’s first district heating system was put into place Alex Mayada, Chris Bartlow, Tim Fisher, Lauren Pawling. Geothermal energy. http: //klemow. wilkes. edu/KMK. courses. html

Geothermal energy Used as district heating 1892: America’s first district heating system was put into place Alex Mayada, Chris Bartlow, Tim Fisher, Lauren Pawling. Geothermal energy. http: //klemow. wilkes. edu/KMK. courses. html

Geothermal energy Advantages - Renewability q Earth’s core is always going to be heated q As long as there is a way to extract the energy from the heat, the energy will always be available Alex Mayada, Chris Bartlow, Tim Fisher, Lauren Pawling. Geothermal energy. http: //klemow. wilkes. edu/KMK. courses. html

Geothermal energy Advantages - Smaller carbon footprint and environmentally friendly q Remarkable difference of environmental effects compared to fossil fuels q Most hardware used to extract geothermal energy is underground q Minimal use of surface (http: //www. geothermal. nau. edu/about/enviroment. shtml. Northern Arizona University. 2009 Oct 27) Alex Mayada, Chris Bartlow, Tim Fisher, Lauren Pawling. Geothermal energy. http: //klemow. wilkes. edu/KMK. courses. html

Geothermal energy Advantages Power Source Land Requirement (ac/m. W) Geothermal 1 -8 q Open up economy Nuclear 5 -10 q Much more efficient use of land Coal 19 - Lower cost q Easy to operate (http: //www. geothermal. nau. edu/about/enviroment. shtml> Northern Arizona University. 2009 Oct 27) Alex Mayada, Chris Bartlow, Tim Fisher, Lauren Pawling. Geothermal energy. http: //klemow. wilkes. edu/KMK. courses. html

Geothermal energy Disadvantages - Fluids drawn from the deep earth carry a mixture of gases - Pollutants contribute to global warming and acid rain - Construction of Plants can adversely affect land stability - Sources may hold trace amounts of toxic chemicals/mineral deposits - Loud Noises - Initial start up cost (expensive) Alex Mayada, Chris Bartlow, Tim Fisher, Lauren Pawling. Geothermal energy. http: //klemow. wilkes. edu/KMK. courses. html

Geothermal energy How it works - Geothermal power plant http: //drpinna. com/geothermal-energy-get-some-at-your-gas-station-27882

Geothermal energy in Indonesia - Sources NO NON FOSSIL ENERGY RESOURCES (SD) INSTALLED CAPACITY (KT) RATIO KT/SD (%) 1 2 3 4 5 = 4/3 1 Hydro 75, 670 MW 6, 654. 29 MW 8, 8% 2 Geothermal 29, 038 MW 1, 226 MW 4, 2% 3 Mini/Micro Hydro 769. 69 MW 228. 983 MW 29, 75% 4 Biomass 49, 810 MW 1, 618. 40 MW 3, 25 % 5 Solar Energy 4. 80 k. Wh/m 2/day 22. 45 MW - 6 Wind Energy 3 – 6 m/s 1. 87 MW - 7 Uranium 3, 000 MW *) 30 MW **) 1. 00 *) only in Kalan – West Kalimantan **) non energy, only for research Hazrul L Azahari, 2012, Introduction to Renewable Energy in Indonesia, Microhydro power training for rural development in ASEAN region, Bandung

Geothermal energy in Indonesia Hazrul L Azahari, 2012, Introduction to Renewable Energy in Indonesia, Microhydro power training for rural development in ASEAN region, Bandung

Geothermal energy in Indonesia - Current status (2010) 2, 90 % Feasibility Study/Ready to Develop (8 locations) 32, 61 % Detail ± Gradient Temp (90 locations) 7, 97% Preliminary Survey (22 locations) 2, 54 % Installed (7 locations) 53, 99 % Reconnaissance (149 locations) Surya Darma, 2011, Current Outlook on Geothermal in Indonesia, ASEAN – AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS SEMINAR

Geothermal energy in Indonesia Geothermal Potential is more than 28. 000 MW Installed Capacities is 1196 MW: Darajat – 260 MW (2005: 150 MW) Dieng – 60 MW (2005: 60 MW) Kamojang – 200 MW (2005: 140 MW) Gunung Salak – 377 MW (2005: 345 MW) Sibayak – 12 MW (2005: 2 MW) Lahendong – 60 MW (2005: 20 MW) Wayang Windu – 227 MW (2005: 110 MW). Some direct use are under research program and some others are in utilized Geothermal Road Map : increase to 9500 MW on 2025 Surya Darma, 2011, Current Outlook on Geothermal in Indonesia, ASEAN – AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS SEMINAR

Geothermal energy in Indonesia Geothermal direct use § § § § Palm sugar processing in Lahendong Copra drying in Lahendong, Mataloko and Wai Ratai Lampung, Mushroom cultivation in Kamojang and Pengalengan, Tea drying and pasteurization in Pengalengan. Fish farming in Lampung. Balneology, spas No heat Pump use so far Surya Darma, 2011, Current Outlook on Geothermal in Indonesia, ASEAN – AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS SEMINAR

Geothermal energy in Indonesia Masarang Palm Sugar Processing in Lahendong, North Sulawesi. Steam consumption : 4 ton/hrs Surya Darma, 2011, Current Outlook on Geothermal in Indonesia, ASEAN – AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS SEMINAR

Geothermal energy in Indonesia Geothermal road map 2004 - 2025 2004 2008 822 MW (production) 2000 MW 1193 MW Existing WKP 2004 2010 1442 MW Existing WKP 2008 2010 1196 MW Existing WKP 2012 2016 2020 2025 3442 MW 4600 MW 6000 MW (target) 9000 MW (target) 1158 MW Existing WKP + New WKP 2012 1400 MW New WKP 2016 2020 2025 Geothermal Road - map Surya Darma, 2011, Current Outlook on Geothermal in Indonesia, ASEAN – AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS SEMINAR

Geothermal energy OIL GAS COAL GEOTHERMAL HYDRO 2018 (365 TWh) Primary Energy Year 2025 (Ba. U Scenario) 2008 (148 TWh) HYDRO COAL Primary Energy Year 2025 (Scenarion PD No. 5/2006) GEOTHERMAL GROWTH HYDRO GAS OIL GAS Source: Indonesia Total Electricity Production by Fuel Type (GWH) COAL Surya Darma, RUPTL 2011, Current Outlook on Geothermal in Indonesia, ASEAN – AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS SEMINAR 2009 -2018, PLN - General Plan to Supply Electricity

Geothermal energy in Indonesia Barriers § § § § Availability of good quality data Delay of project development, Bureaucracy, Lack of Power Plant Maintenance, The liability of the transmission line and infrastructure Human capital on geothermal industry Energy diversification is inconsistence Surya Darma, 2011, Current Outlook on Geothermal in Indonesia, ASEAN – AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS SEMINAR

Geothermal energy in Indonesia Opportunities § Robust electricity demand growth § Indonesia energy policy-Renewable prioritized, 10 thousands MW § § electricity accelerating project (Government Regulation No. 5 Year 2006, and GR No. 4/2010) Indonesia has the largest inventory of undeveloped Geothermal resources in the world (40%) Geothermal price can be competitive and affordable Surya Darma, 2011, Current Outlook on Geothermal in Indonesia, ASEAN – AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS SEMINAR

Geothermal energy in Indonesia Development challenges § § § § § Competitiveness of Geothermal Energy Price; Continuing Subsidy of Fossil Fuel Price; Political Will to Intensify Geothermal Energy Utilization; Shortage of Competence Human Resources; Absence of Technology and Research & Development Supports; Lack of renewable incentives; Absence of Integrated Energy Planning; Lack of Information and Publicity on Indonesia’ Geothermal Potency and Benefits; and Low Environmental Awareness. Surya Darma, 2011, Current Outlook on Geothermal in Indonesia, ASEAN – AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS SEMINAR

Solar Energy The ultimate energy resource • Originates with thermonuclear fusion reactions occurring in the sun. • Represents the entire electromagnetic radiation (visible light, infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays, and radio waves). Bhavik Shah, Solar Energy: The Ultimate Renewable Resource, http: //www. physics. rutgers. edu/

Solar Energy Advantages • Ultimate and free resource (sun) • Does not harmful environmental (no emission gas) • Can be used in remote areas • make absolutely no noise at all • Very little maintenance is needed

Solar Energy Advantages • Comparative life-cycle CO 2 emissions Energy source CO 2 / k. We Coal 1. 4 – 3. 6 Natural gas 0. 6 – 2. 0 PV solar 0. 07 – 0. 18 Thermal solar 0. 08 – 0. 20 http: //www. ucsusa. org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-solar-power. html

Solar Energy Disadvantages • High initial installation cost of solar cell and solar panel • Electricity generation depends entirely on a countries exposure to sunlight • Solar energy is a diffuse source. To harness it, we must concentrate it into an amount and form that we can use, such as heat and electricity.

Solar Energy How much solar energy can be absorbed? • The surface receives about 47% of the total solar energy that reaches the Earth. Only this amount is usable. http: //www. physics. rutgers. edu/~kotliar/honors/honsem 02/somalwar/Hon. Sem 02

Solar Energy Solar energy uses http: //www. keepbanderabeautiful. org/photovoltaic. html

Solar Energy Solar energy uses www. rainbowtradingpost. co. uk www. urbanoptions. org/Renewable. Energy

Solar Energy Solar energy uses as electricity generator Photovoltaic (PV) greenoptions. com Concentrating solar thermal (CST) www. renewableenergyaccess. com

Solar Energy Solar energy uses as electricity generator

Solar Energy Concerns associated with PV and Solar Cell q Heavy investment. q High-latitude areas receive relatively little sunshine. q Solar unreliable at night, during winter, and during cloudy periods. q Storage difficult; relies on batteries that may leak chemicals. q Some PV cells use heavy metals - toxic and difficult to recycle. q Solar farms require much land, currently between 5 and 10 acres / megawatt. http: //klemow. wilkes. edu/KMK. courses. html

Solar energy in Indonesia - Sources NO NON FOSSIL ENERGY RESOURCES (SD) INSTALLED CAPACITY (KT) RATIO KT/SD (%) 1 2 3 4 5 = 4/3 1 Hydro 75, 670 MW 6, 654. 29 MW 8, 8% 2 Geothermal 29, 038 MW 1, 226 MW 4, 2% 3 Mini/Micro Hydro 769. 69 MW 228. 983 MW 29, 75% 4 Biomass 49, 810 MW 1, 618. 40 MW 3, 25 % 5 Solar Energy 4. 80 k. Wh/m 2/day 22. 45 MW - 6 Wind Energy 3 – 6 m/s 1. 87 MW - 7 Uranium 3, 000 MW *) 30 MW **) 1. 00 *) only in Kalan – West Kalimantan **) non energy, only for research 112. 000 GW Hazrul L Azahari, 2012, Introduction to Renewable Energy in Indonesia, Microhydro power training for rural development in ASEAN region, Bandung

Solar energy Target in 2025 1. Less than 1 for energy elasticity 2. Optimized primary energy mix CURRENT ENERGI MIX (1 million BOE) National (Primary) Energy Mix Hydro Power, 3. 11% Geothermal, 1. 32% Natural Gas, 28. 57% Oil 51. 66% Coal, 15. 34% National (Primary) Energy Mix of 2025 (Ba. U Scenario) (5 million BOE) National Energy Mix 2025 (3 million BOE) (Presidential Decree No. 5/2006) Power Plant, 1. 9% Mini/micro Hydro Power Plant, 0. 1% Geothermal, 1. 1% Oil, 20% Gas, 20. 6% Gas, 30% Oil, 41. 7% BIOFUELS, 5% RE, 17% OPTIMIZING ENERGY MANAGEMENT Geothermal, 5% Biomass, Nuclear, Hydro Solar Energy, Wind Power, 5% Coal 34. 6% Coal , 33% Coal Liquefaction 2%

Solar energy Jenis Energi Unit 2010 2015 2020 2025 Bio-diesel Kilo liter 1. 160. 000 3. 000 11. 800. 000 4. 160. 000 Bio-ethanol Barel per hari 42. 860 48. 110 55. 340 60. 320 Bio oil Kilo liter 244. 000 257. 000 627. 000 4. 863. 000 Biomassa : Waste MW 30 60 120 200 Geothermal MW 1. 320 4. 340 5. 090 5. 270 Wind Power MW 10 40 80 160 Solar Energy MW 80 100 120 580 Microhydro MW 450 740 950 Based on the Blueprint of National Energy Management

Wind energy NO NON FOSSIL ENERGY RESOURCES (SD) INSTALLED CAPACITY (KT) RATIO KT/SD (%) 1 2 3 4 5 = 4/3 1 Hydro 75, 670 MW 6, 654. 29 MW 8, 8% 2 Geothermal 29, 038 MW 1, 226 MW 4, 2% 3 Mini/Micro Hydro 769. 69 MW 228. 983 MW 29, 75% 4 Biomass 49, 810 MW 1, 618. 40 MW 3, 25 % 5 Solar Energy 4. 80 k. Wh/m 2/day 22. 45 MW - 6 Wind Energy 3 – 6 m/s 1. 87 MW - 7 Uranium 3, 000 MW *) 30 MW **) 1. 00 *) only in Kalan – West Kalimantan **) non energy, only for research Hazrul L Azahari, 2012, Introduction to Renewable Energy in Indonesia, Microhydro power training for rural development in ASEAN region, Bandung

Wind energy KESDM, 2008

Wind energy How does it work? http: //fredzidd. myweb. uga. edu/EDIT/6190/project/ae_wind_turbine. htm

Wind energy How does it work? http: //smknews. net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/wind_energy. jpg