1 Dictators Threaten World Peace ASSESSMENT Why do

1 Dictators Threaten World Peace ASSESSMENT Why do you think Hitler found widespread support among the German people? ANSWER Germany was devastated by the effects of World War I. The nation suffered from severe economic depression. Hitler promoted the Nazi party as a way to restore national pride.

1 Dictators Threaten World Peace ASSESSMENT • Identify the main ambitions of each dictator listed in the web diagram. Stalin: Create a model Communist state and transform the Soviet Union into a great industrial power ANSWER Dictator’s Ambitions Hitler: Unite the German “master race” into an empire destined to rule the world Mussolini: Franco: Make Italy a great world power Become Spain’s supreme military leader

World War Looms TIME LINE The United States The World 1931 The Empire State Building opens in New York City. 1931 Japan conquers Manchuria, in northern China. 1932 Franklin Delano Roosevelt is elected president. 1933 Prohibition ends. 1933 Adolf Hitler is appointed German chancellor and sets up Dachau concentration camp. 1934 Stalin begins great purge in USSR. Chinese communists flee in the Long March. 1936 Jesse Owens wins four gold medals at Olympics in Berlin, Germany. Roosevelt is reelected. 1937 Amelia Earhart mysteriously disappears attempting solo round-the-world flight. 1936 Ethiopia’s Haile Selassie asks League of Nations for help against Italian invasion. General Francisco Franco leads a fascist rebellion in Spain.

World War Looms TIME LINE The United States The World 1938 Orson Welles broadcasts The War of the Worlds, a fictional alien invasion. 1938 Kristallnacht—Nazis riot, destroying Jewish neighborhoods. 1939 Germany invades Poland. Britain and France declare war. 1940 Roosevelt is elected to a third term. 1941 United States enters World War II. 1941 Japan bombs Pearl Harbor.

Chapter 16: World War Looms Section 1: Dictators Threaten World Peace

I. Rise of Fascism and Nationalism in Europe & Asia A. Why? 1. Treaty of Versailles failed to provide a “just and secure peace” as promised. 2. Germany excessively punished. • How?

A German woman is seen here in 1923 feeding bundles of money into the furnace. . . why?

B. Soviet Union and Joseph Stalin: 1. His goals included both agricultural and industrial growth 2. How? Abolished all privately owned farms & industries – Communism

3. In his desire to purge (eliminate) anyone who threatened his power, Stalin was responsible for the deaths of 8 – 13 million of his own Soviet citizens Labor camp workers in Siberia -Stalin sent millions of political prisoners to labor camps

4. In a totalitarian state the government suppresses all opposition and has strict control over the citizens who have no civil rights In totalitarian states citizens are expected to treat the dictator with adoration

C. Italy and Mussolini 1. Mussolini seized power, taking advantage of high unemployment, inflation and a middleclass fear of Communism

2. By 1921, Mussolini had established the Fascist Party -- Fascism stressed nationalism and militarism and placed the interest of the state above the interests of the individual

A Venn Diagram Communism vs. Fascism • • • Seeks a classless society. Government controls all human activities. No individual rights. Wears uniforms usually of a certain color. Has a secret police. Attempts to control religion. Seeks to eliminate religion. Defends private property No private ownership of land or property. Dictatorial one party rule. • • • Each class in society has a place and function. Total control of the press. Seeks an international revolution. Ultra-nationalism: country and/or race. The state must struggle to survive even if it means war. Authoritarian leader knows all and is “worshipped”. Appeals to the middleclass. Use of propaganda to control the thoughts and actions of society. Use of youth groups. Use of ancient myth of racial superiority incorporated into society.

D. Germany and Hitler 1. At the end of WWI he was a jobless soldier drifting around Germany 2. In 1919, he joined a struggling group called the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazis) Hitler, far left, shown during WWI

3. He quickly became the Nazi Party leader 4. Calling himself “Der Fuhrer” (the leader) he promised to return Germany to its old glory

Hitler rose to power in part by criticizing the Versailles Treaty as unfair and humiliating to the proud German nation

E. Hitler’s Beliefs He alone, who owns the youth, gains the Future! -- Adolf Hitler, speech at the Reichsparteitag, 1935 1. Hitler explained his beliefs in his book, Mein Kampf (My Struggle) 2. He wanted to unite all German-speaking people under one Empire 3. He wanted racial purity – “inferior” races such as Jews, Slavs and all nonwhites were to form a work force for the “master race” – blond, blue-eyed “Aryans”

4. Hitler believed that for Germany to thrive it needed more land at the expense of her neighbors 5. Hitler called it “Lebensraum” or living space Hitler posed an immediate threat to Czechoslovakia, Poland, Austria, France, Belgium and the Netherlands

• This poster announces a Nazi meeting in Munich in May 1920. Hitler is to speak on the topic "What do we want? " The text below the title reads: "Citizens! Do not believe that the Germany of misfortune and misery, the nation of corruption and usury, the land of Jewish corruption, can be saved by parties that claim to stand on a foundation of facts. Never!" Courtesy of Dr. Robert D. Brooks.

German people’s comrades! German housewives! You all know the disgraceful methods that so-called “German” Jews abroad are using to incite against the German people and Adolf Hitler’s national government. If we do not want to give up and sink into deeper misery, we must defend ourselves. We therefore call on you to heed the appeal of our Führer, the German people’s chancellor, for a boycott against the Jews and expect the full support of each person in this defensive action. Do not buy from Jewish shops! Do not go to a Jewish doctor! But maintain the strictest discipline. Do not even touch the hair on a Jew’s head. The boycott begins Saturday morning at 10: 00 a. m. From that moment on, we will watch to ensure that the boycott is strictly followed. He who tries to ignore the boycott will be seen as an enemy of the German people. On Saturday morning at 9: 30 at the Lindenplatz and the Pflänzer there will be a large public Boycott Meeting Appear in masses and show that, in the hour of need, you stand with the German people. In Geisenheim, the following establishments will be boycotted: Georg Strauß, grain merchant, Marktstraße Gebr. Strauß, shop, Marktstraße Moritz Strauß, ironware, Marktstraße Hugo Forst, leather goods, Landstraße Dr. Nathan, physician, Landstraße Löwenthal, butcher, Pflänzer The local group office of the NSDAP

F. MILITANTS GAIN CONTROL OF JAPAN 1. Nationalistic leaders were seizing control of the Imperial government of Japan 2. Like Hitler, they desired living space for their growing population

3. Emperor Hirohito’s reign lasted from 19261989 4. His reign was called "Showa", or "Radiating Peace“

5. In 1931, Japan attacked the Chinese province of Manchuria Japanese soldiers in Manchuria

II. AGGRESSION BEGINS A. 1930 s 1. Both Japan and Germany quit the League of Nations 2. By 1936 Hitler sent troops into the Rhineland, a German region bordering France and Belgium that was demilitarized by the Versailles Treaty

SPANISH LOYALIST AT THE INSTANT OF DEATH by Robert Capra, 1936 B. Civil War in Spain 1. In 1936, a group of Spanish army officers led by General Francisco Franco, rebelled against the Spanish Republic 2. A Civil War ensued as Hitler and Mussolini supported Franco’s fascists while the western democracies remained neutral

3. Franco’s victory in 1939 established him as fascist leader of a totalitarian Spain 4. 5. Hitler and Mussolini signed an alliance known as the Rome. Berlin Axis Franco admires a military parade in Madrid – 500, 000 died in the Spanish Civil War

Picasso’s Guernica captured the brutally of the Spanish Civil War and the Fascist government

III. U. S. REMAINS NEUTRAL. . . FOR NOW A. Why? 1. With memories still fresh from WWI. 2. Some critics believed banks and manufacturers were pushing for war solely for their own profit

WAR B. Congress, too, pushed neutrality 1. Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts E u r o p e USA – The first two acts outlawed arms sales or loans to nations at war – The third act outlawed arms sales or loans to nations fighting civil wars

FDR speech in Chicago, 10/05/1937 2. After Japan renewed attacks China in 1937, FDR sent arms and supplies to China 3. He got around the Neutrality Acts because Japan had not actually declared war on China

2 War in Europe ASSESSMENT • To what extent do you think lies and deception played a role in Hitler’s tactics? Think About: • William Shirer’s diary entry about headlines in the Nazi newspapers • Soviet-German relations • Hitler’s justifications for military aggression ANSWER Hitler’s deceptions included: charging the Czechs with abusing Sudeten Germans; claiming that Sudetenland was his last territorial demand; accusing Poles of brutalizing Germans; signing a secret pact with the Soviet Union dividing Poland; justifying the invasion of Denmark and Norway as necessary to safeguard his plans.

2 War in Europe ASSESSMENT • Review Germany’s aggressive actions between 1938 and 1945. At what point do you think Hitler concluded that he could take any territory without being stopped? ANSWER After taking Austria—France and Britain ignored their pledge to protect Austria. After Munich Conference—Britain and France let Germany take Sudetenland.

2 War in Europe ASSESSMENT • If you had been a member of the British House of Commons in 1938, would you have voted for or against the Munich Agreement? ANSWER For: Appeasement would help avert war; compromise is not a sign of weakness. Against: Appeasement would feed Hitler’s military aggression; Great Britain should defend its honor and declare war.

Chapter 16: World War Looms Section 2: War in Europe

I. German Expansion A. Step 1=Austria 1. On March 12, 1938, German troops marched into Austria unopposed 2. A day later, Germany announced its union with Austria

n te e d lan d Su B. Step 2=Czechoslovakia 1. About 3 million German-speaking people lived in the western border regions of Czechoslovakia called the Sudetenland.

2. In Munich, Hitler promised that the annexation of the Sudetenland would be his “last territorial demand” Chamberlain and Hitler at the Munich Conference, 1938

Munich Conference, 1938 From left to right; British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, French Prime Minister Eduard Deladier, German Fuehrer Adolf Hitler, Italian leader Benito Mussolini and Italian Foreign Minister Count Ciano at the Munich Conference, September 1938

“PEACE IN OUR TIMES!!? ” 3. Appeasement-Sudetenland to Germany to avoid war. “I have come back from Germany with peace with honor. I believe it is peace in our time. ”

II. GERMAN OFFENSIVE BEGINS A. Step 3=Poland 1. Hitler next turned toward Poland. 2. As tensions rose over Poland, Stalin shocked everyone by signing a Non-Aggression Pact with Hitler Partners: Hitler & Stalin

B. Blitzkrieg 1. On September 1, 1939, the German Luftwaffe (air force) bombed Polish cities and RR. 2. German tanks raced across Polish countryside BRUTE FORCE: Germans marched through the streets of Polish towns and adorned buildings with swastikas

3. Britain and France declared war on Germany 4. Stalin attacked and defeated Finland while Hitler conquered (#4) Norway and Denmark

Norway Denmark

5. Hitler then successfully attacked the (#5) Netherlands, Belgium and Luxemburg Time was running out on the Allies

Neth. , Bel. , Lux.

C. (#6) France 1. The Maginot Line (a series of trenches and fortifications built along the eastern France) failed.

2. France surrendered in June of 1940 3. After France fell, a French General named Charles de Gaulle fled to England set up a French government in exile

D. Britain 1. In the summer of 1940 Germany launched an air attack on England 2. The goal was to bomb England into submission

3. The RAF fought back with the help of a new device called radar 4. Six weeks later, Hitler called off the attack on England A Spitfire dogs a German Domier Do-17 as it crosses the Tower of London

#7 Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria join the Axis Powers #8 Albania, Yugoslavia and Greece are conquered

#9 June 1941, Germany invades the S. U.

EUROPE 1941 KEY Red - Nazi occupied and controlled Purple - Nazi controlled under Mussolini Blue - Free country, supported by the United States Green - Under the control of Josef Stalin of Russia who sided with the Nazis in 1939 Yellow - Neutral, but greatly influenced by Nazis, for example, Spain was under the dictatorship of General Franco who was controlled by Hitler

3 The Holocaust ASSESSMENT • List four events that led to the Holocaust. Causes Effect The removal of non-Aryans from government jobs. Nuremberg Laws Kristallnacht “Final Solution” The Holocaust

3 The Holocaust ASSESSMENT • Do you think that the United States was justified in not allowing more Jewish refugees to emigrate? Think About: • the views of isolationists in the United States • some Americans’ prejudices and fears • the incident on the German luxury liner St. Louis ANSWER POSSIBLE RESPONSES: Justified: The United States had to protect the national security and the welfare of its citizens, including job security. Not justified: The United States was obligated to provide political asylum for victims of prejudice.

3 The Holocaust ASSESSMENT • Why do you think the Nazi system of systematic genocide was so brutally effective? ANSWER There was no effective opposition in Germany to Hitler’s plan for mass extinction. Nazis propaganda loudly proclaimed that the Germans were a superior race destined to rule the world. At the same time they preached that Jews, Poles and other groups were inferior races. Hitler used the Jews as scapegoats for Germany’s problems following World War I. He stripped them of their rights and then used terror and propaganda to coerce them into giving up their freedom.

3 The Holocaust ASSESSMENT • How might concentration camp doctors and guards have justified to themselves the death and suffering they caused other human beings? ANSWER They believed that their prisoners were subhuman, thus they were not actually killing or torturing human beings. They might claim that they were simply following orders and had no choice.

THE HOLOCAUST

A. Background 1. Title: “Away with him” The long arm of the Ministry of Education pulls a Jewish teacher from his classroom. April 1933 (Der Sturmer Issue #12) Anti-Semitism had a long history in many European countries

2. In 1935 – Nuremberg Laws stripped Jews of their citizenship, jobs and property – Also in 1935 Jews forced to wear bright yellow stars to identify themselves

B. KRISTALLNACHT (NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS) 1. On November 910, 1938 Nazis attacked Jewish homes, businesses and synagogues across Germany

Hundreds of Jewish homes and businesses were torched during Kristallnacht

II. HITLER’S FINAL SOLUTION A. The Jewish Question 1. The Final Solution – a policy of genocide that involved the deliberate and systematic killing of an entire population

HITLER’S HATRED WENT BEYOND JEWS 2. Other Groups • This list included Gypsies, POWs, Slavs, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Africans, Chinese, homosexuals, handicapped, mentally ill

Total Deaths from Nazi Genocidal Policies Group Deaths • European Jews 5, 800, 000 • Soviet prisoners of war 3, 000 • Polish Catholics 3, 000 • Roma (Gypsies) 250, 000 • Germans (political, religious, and resistance) 80, 000 • Germans (handicapped) 70, 000 • Homosexuals 12, 000 • Jehovah’s Witnesses 2, 500

The main entrance of Auschwitz Extermination Camp, with its infamous motto "Work Makes One Free"

Buchenwald prisoners in nearby woods just before their execution. (1942)

A Nazi about to shoot the last Jew left alive in Vinica, Ukraine.

Jewish women from the Ukraine. Some are holding infants as they are forced to wait in a line before their execution by Germans and Ukrainian collaborators.

A German policeman shoots individual Jewish women who remain alive in the ravine after the mass execution. (1942)

Over 2 million children were killed during the Holocaust

Children subjected to medical experiments in Auschwitz

A truckload of bodies at Buchenwald concentration camp

At Dachau concentration camp, two U. S. soldiers gaze at Jews who died on board a death train

Dachau survivors on the day of liberation

JEWISH GHETTOS IN POLAND B. How? 1. Jews were also ordered into ghettos in various Polish cities 2. Many of these Jews were then transferred to concentration camps (labor camps) deep within Poland

Dachau, gas chamber

THE FINAL STAGE Dachau, gas chamber *Selection *genocide *death camps *gas chambers

IMAGES FROM A NIGHTMARE Some of these images are disturbing

"They came for the Communists, and I didn't speak out because I wasn't a Communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didn't speak out because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the Trade Unionists, and I didn't speak out because I wasn't a Trade Unionist. Then they came for the Catholics, and I didn't speak out because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came for me, and there was no one left to speak out for me. " - Pastor Martin Niemoller

“Never shall I forget those moments which murdered my God and my soul and turned my dreams to dust. . . never. ” Elie Wiesel, a camp survivor

4 America Moves Toward War ASSESSMENT • List the key events leading to America’s entry into World War II. Use the dates below as a guide. Congress passes Lend-Lease Act. Roosevelt and Churchill draw up the Atlantic Charter. March 1941 August 1941 September 1940 June 1941 Japan, Germany, and Italy, sign the Tripartite Pact. Germany invades Soviet Union; Roosevelt orders U. S. Navy to protect lend-lease shipments. December 1941 Japan bombs Pearl Harbor.

4 America Moves Toward War ASSESSMENT • Do you think that the United States should have waited to be attacked before declaring war? Think About: • the reputation of the United States • the influence of isolationists • the events at of Pearl Harbor ANSWER POSSIBLE RESPONSES: Waited: An attack by Japan would swing public opinion away from isolationism and allow Roosevelt to enter the war with the support of the American people. Not waited: An earlier declaration of war might have prevented the attack on Pearl Harbor.

4 America Moves Toward War ASSESSMENT • What problem would the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor solve for Roosevelt? What new problems would it create? ANSWER The attack would unify public support behind the war effort, but it would cripple the fleet needed to fight the war.

4 America Moves Toward War ASSESSMENT • Although the U. S. Congress was still unwilling to declare war early in 1941, Churchill told his war cabinet, “ We must have patience and trust to the tide which is flowing our way, and to events. ” What do you think Churchill meant by this remark? ANSWER Churchill believed that the United States entry into World War II was inevitable. The United States was edging closer and closer to war.

SECTION 4: AMERICA MOVES TOWARD WAR America sold weapons to Allied nations for cash • In September of 1939 (invasion of Poland), Roosevelt persuaded Congress to pass a “cash & carry” provision that allowed nations to buy U. S. arms and transport them in their own ships

• The Axis powers grew – Germany, Italy and Japan

U. S. BUILDS DEFENSE • Roosevelt got Congress to increase spending for national defenses and reinstitute the draft FDR pushed for huge defense spending

Franklin Delano Roosevelt Defeated Wendell Willkie in the 1940 Presidential Election

THE GREAT ARSENAL OF DEMOCRACY • To support Britain, FDR established a “Lend-Lease Plan” (1941) which meant the U. S. would lend or lease arms to nations whose defense was vital to America

• Late in 1941, FDR and Churchill met secretly and agreed on a series of goals for the war • Among their goals were collective security, disarmament, self-determination, economic cooperation and freedom of the seas • This “Declaration of the United Nations” was signed by 26 nations THE ATLANTIC CHARTER FDR, left, and Churchill met aboard the battleship U. S. S. Augusta in Newfoundland waters

JAPAN ATTACKS Pearl Harbor • While tensions with Germany mounted, Japan launched an attack on an American naval base • Japan had been expanding in Asia since the late 1930 s • Early on the morning of December 7, 1941, Japan bombed the largest American naval base – Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

http: //maps. google. com/maps? hl=en&ie=UTF 8&ll=21. 345025, -157. 975845&spn=0. 074027, 0. 110378&t=h&z=13

USS Arizona Memorial

ATTACK KILLS 2, 403 AND WOUNDS 1, 178; U. S. DECLARES WAR • The surprise raid on Pearl Harbor by 180 Japanese planes sank or damaged 21 ships and 300 planes • The losses constituted more than the U. S. Navy had suffered in all of WWI • The next day, FDR addressed Congress, “Yesterday, December 7, 1941, (is) a date which will live in infamy” • The United States declared war on Japan and three days later Germany and Italy