WarmUp Make a list of what you already

Warm-Up Make a list of what you already know about the Holocaust Share with a partner

Class List

Why do we learn about it? Why is it important? The Holocaust stands as a warning of what can happen when leaders of a country are motivated by hate, and use that hate to supply simplistic answers to the problems of their country. Objectives • Understand the causes and people responsible • Understand the results / outcome to the Holocaust

The Holocaust Majority of information presented from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum In the last months of the European war – Allied forces uncovered horrors

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WHY Hitler and the Nazi’s believed. . . • The Aryan race was the strongest and inferior races needed to be eliminated because they aren’t people. • Hitler built on and used anti-Semitic ideas that already existed - his hatred of Jews cannot be tied down to a specific event in his life. • ‘scapegoat’ - Hitler and the Nazis said the Jews were responsible for problems like losing World War I and the Great Depression. The solution to the problems of Germany was to banish Jews from society – this will make Germany a powerful country. • Nazi philosophy and anti-Jewish propaganda permeated all aspects of life in Nazi Germany.

WHAT The systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. Genocide - willful annihilation of a racial, religious, or political group –first termed in 40’s.

WHO • • • Victims • • • Jews (anyone with 3 or more Jewish ancestors) Gypsies (Roma) People with disabilities Poles Soviet prisoners of war Black Germans T Jehovah’s Witnesses Homosexuals Asocials People Responsible Adolf Hitler Nazi party German Government SS (“brown Shirts”) Ordinary people

Red - political prisoners: communists, unionists Green - "professional criminals " / convicts, parolees* Blue - foreign forced laborers, emigrants Purple – Jehovah’s Witnesses Pink - sexual offenders & homosexual men* Black – “A Social” and “work shy” = mentally retarded, mentally ill, homeless, alcoholic, Pacifists, Conscription resisters, prostitutes, drug addicts Brown = gypsies (Roma)- previously wore black triangle http: //www. ushmm. org/wlc/en/article. php? Module. Id=10005395 Un-inverted red triangle = POW’s and deserters * convicted in criminal court – may have gone to prison after liberation Yellow = Jewish In addition to color-coding, some groups had to put letter insignia on their triangles to denote country of origin. (P=Poland, B=Belgium, F=France) Repeat offenders – received bars over triangles. Many various markings and combinations existed. A prisoner would usually have at least two, and possibly more than six.

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WHEN 1933 -1945

1, 500 synagogues 7, 500 Jewish-owned businesses 200 deaths 600 injured thousands arrested 400+ anti-Jewish regulations in Hitler’s first six years. Nuremberg Laws anti-Semitic laws passed that limited or took away rights “Laws for the Protection of German Blood & German Honour”

How Nuremberg Laws Deported to Poland Nazis boycott Jewish businesses Curfews 1934 1935 1936 Concentration camps Turn in radios Jews can no longer vote Jewish newspapers can no longer be sold 1933 Forced to ghettos Wear yellow stars 1937 1938 1939 May not leave homes No use of public phones 1940 1941 1942 1943 Carry ID cards Jews are denied citizenship and other basic rights Jews can not marry or have relations with non-Jews Passports marked with a J No longer can lead businesses, attend plays, concerts Separate schools No driving Certain places at certain times Businesses shut down No longer allowed to – Get newspapers Have pets Have typewriters Own bikes Buy meat or eggs Use bus or train Attend school 1944

US and British meet to discuss war refugees but do not come up with any answers. Roosevelt establishes the War Refuge Board worked with the Red Cross to save thousands of Jews in Eastern Europe. Was it too late? 4/5 th of the Jews who would die were already dead by 1944. How Could / should we have bombed railroad lines? Keep with strategy of defeating Hitler? Failure of other countries to relax immigration Underestimation of Hitler’s plans Believing a lie perpetuated by a reliable source Appeasement - Not another war - Concerned about own problems (depression)

Ghetto WHERE Germans isolated and controlled the Jewish population through segregation and forced them to live under miserable conditions. • Three types – closed, open and destruction (Nazi’s in Berlin). • Warsaw ghetto in Poland was the largest 400, 000 Jews were crowded into an area of 1. 3 square miles. • Daily life in the ghettos was administered by Nazi-appointed Jewish councils (Judenraete). • Concentration camps • • 1933 -1945 - 20, 000 camps forced-labor, transit and extermination place where people are held, usually under harsh conditions, without regard to legal norms that are true in a constitutional democracy built to imprison and eliminate "enemies of the state. “ Death by starvation & disease

The Camps • • Doctors performed medical experiments on prisoners Gas chambers constructed to increase killing efficiency and to make the process more impersonal for the perpetrators. (Auschwitz reportedly gassed 6, 000 Jews each day. ) Carbon Monoxide or Insectiside in showers Almost all of the deportees who arrived at the camps were sent immediately to death in the gas chambers (with the exception of very small numbers chosen for special work team) On -twins -pregnant women For -Aryan Race -military injured

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Rescue & Liberation • • • Enormity of Nazi crime became real only when soldiers began to liberate camps. Soldiers hardened by war were still prepared Piles of dead bodies, warehouses full of human hair and jewelry, ashes in crematoriums, half-dead emaciated survivors.

Nuremberg Trials On December 17, 1942, the leaders of the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union issued the first joint declaration officially noting the mass murder of European Jews and resolving to prosecute those responsible for crimes against civilian populations. 1946 - Nuremberg Trials – 12 Nazi Leaders were sentenced to death. Thousands of other Nazis imprisoned. International Military Tribunal (Britain, France, U. S. , Soviet Union)

Israel Holocaust increased demand support for and independent Jewish Homeland 1947 – The United Nations establishes a Jewish homeland in British-controlled Palestine 1948 – Becomes the State of Israel

Resistance & Rescue Continued • • • BY CITIZENS • Irena Sendler • Polish Social Worker in Warsaw Ghetto • Smuggled 2, 500 children to Christian families, orphanages, and convents • Eventually discovered – arrested, imprisoned, tortured. • • • BY DIPLOMATS Chiune Sugihara Japanese diplomat to Lithuania 6, 000 Jewish refugees BY BUSINESS Oskar Schindler Owned a factory in Poland Credited with saving 1, 200 Jewish workers

Some risked it all BY JEWS • Jewish groups attacked German tanks with Molotov cocktails, hand grenades, and a handful of small • Jewish resisters hid in the ruins of the ghetto, which SS and police units patrolled to prevent attacks on German personnel. • • BY AMBASSADORS Gilberto Bosques “Mexican Schindler” Mexico’s ambassador to France 40, 000 Jews to Latin America NON VIOLENT • sheltering Jews • listening to forbidden Allied radio broadcasts • producing secret anti-Nazi newspapers. Individuals willing to help Jews in danger faced severe consequences if they were caught

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Common Questions Why didn’t you leave Germany if you were Jewish? • Laws were passed and enforced gradually • World Wide depression limited immigration Wasn’t one of Hitler’s relatives Jewish? • No - historical evidence to suggest that Hitler was Jewish. • Rumors about Hitler’s ancestry were circulated by political opponents as a way of discrediting him • The identity of Hitler’s paternal grandfather is How did they know who was Jewish? • Census • synagogue membership lists • municipal lists • mandatory registration • information from neighbors or local civilians and officials. What happened if you disobeyed an order to participate? • those who decided to stop or not participate in atrocities were usually given other responsibilities • guard duty or crowd control. • Quiet non-compliance was widely tolerated, but public denunciation of Nazi anti-Jewish policy was not.

10 Minute Exit out Write What are the warning signs we should look for to help prevent future genocides? What is our responsibility as a nation or as individuals when confronted with such crimes?

Indoctrination of youth