Unit 3 Ancient Greece and Rome Greece Rome

Unit 3: Ancient Greece and Rome -Greece -Rome -Rise of Christianity -Byzantine Empire

Bell Ringer 9/23 If you could be any Greek god/goddess who would you be and why?

Ancient Greece, 1750 BCE-133 BCE • Minoan civilization (island of Crete in the Aegean Sea) influenced by Egypt & Mesopotamia • Early civilization of Greece, 1750 BCE-1500 BCE • Traded throughout the Aegean Sea • Rulers lived at Palace of Knossos • Frescoes: _______________ ___ • Vanished 1400 BCE volcanic eruption, earthquake followed by tidal

Mycenae, 1400 BCE-1200 BCE • People were sea traders—Aegean, Italy, Sicily, Egypt, and Mesopotamia • Lived in city-states ruled by warrior-kings • Trojan War (1250 BCE) • Mycenae vs Troy (fighting over straights/ romantic legend)

Age of Homer • After fall of Mycenaean civilization (attack by sea raiders), Dorians invaded Aegean • 1100 BCE-800 BCE—a period that declined • Homer tells of this period in the Iliad and the Odyssey • Blind poet that influenced European writers & artists for 3, 000 years

Greek City-States • Balkan Peninsula contains mountains & valleys • No large empires; isolated city-states that guarded their independence • Bays = harbors for ships • Skilled sailors spreading _____ & _____

City-States (cont) • Polis-version of city-state built on two levels • Acropolis on hilltop & walled city below • Government • 1 st form = monarchy; 2 nd form= noble landowners (aristocracy: _____________); 3 rd form=oligarchy (______________) • Military technology advanced • Iron weapons 650 BCE • Phalanx- formation of armed soldiers • Reduced class differences—how?

Sparta & Athens • Sparta • Dorian invaders that enslaved conquered people and ruled with strict control • 2 kings & council of elders with an assembly of citizens • Citizenship: focused on military • Women also focused on military • Isolated from other Greeks. Little acceptance of travel or arts. • Athens • Unhappy people demanded a change in gov’t. Moved towards democracy (____________) -Solon= Archon that outlawed debt slavery, opened jobs, offered citizenship -Council of 500 (507 BCE): legislature made up of citizens -Limited rights: males, restricted citizenship, Athenian slaves had no rights, women had no rights -Boys sent to school & military training

Wars • Persian Wars: Persia controlled parts of Greece & Ionian city-states rebelled • Darius I sent troops to punish Athens • Son, Xerxes, continued the effort to conquer Greece (480 BCE) • Leonidas & his Spartans guarded Thermopylae Greeks defeated Persians at sea • Gave Greeks unity, uniqueness, and Delian League • Age of Pericles (460 BCE-429 BCE): golden age for Athens • Direct democracy: ______________ • Stipend for public officials, jury, ostracism • Peloponnesian War (431 BCE & lasted 27 years) • Athens vs Sparta • Sparta conquered Athens with the help of Persia • Ended Athenian domination, democratic government suffered

Greek Art • Philosophers: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle • Architecture (Parthenon), sculptures, and paintings (vases and pottery) • Dramas, tragedies, and comedy

Alexander the Great • • Took throne after father’s assassination & wanted to conquer Persia 334 BCE ready to conquer 1) 2) 3) Asia Minor, Egypt, and Babylon India (fought warriors on elephants); soldiers refused to continue eastward Death before new campaign & empire under control of 3 generals

Spread of Greek Culture • Alexander’s military established new cities w/ Greek culture • People from Greece also absorbed local customs (assimilation: _________) • Hellenistic Culture: Greek, Persian, Egyptian, & Indian influences • Alexandria, Egypt • Hellenistic women; schools of thought, advances in learning, new medicine

Checking for Understing #1 • How did ancient Greece develop socially, economically, and politically?

Focus #2 • Examine and explain the social, economical, and political development of anceint Rome.

Rome, 509 BCE- 476 BCE

Geography & Peoples • Italian peninsula in Mediterranean. • Rome’s location = easy to expand • Fertile plains= support for growing population • Original people settled along Tiber River city on seven hills • Shared with Greek colonists and Etruscans

Romans, 509 BCE • Est. republic: ___________ • Senate of 300 patricians & two consuls • Plebeians (farmers, merchants, artisans, & traders) had little influence • Laws of the Twelve Tables • Society structured by family: women had more freedoms, education to boys & girls, religion similar to Greeks & Etruscans • 270 BCE Rome controlled Italian peninsula • Legion= 5, 000 men; conquered people treated well; unification of conquered lands

Roman Republic • Punic Wars (264 BCE- 146 BCE) 1) First Punic War: Rome won & gained Sicily, Corsica, & Sardinia 2) Second Punic War: (218 BCE) Hannibal & elephants surprised Roman army. Carthage gave up all lands except in Africa. 3) Third Punic War: Rome destroyed Carthage. – Other Conquests: Macedonia, Greece, Asia Minor

Roman Republic (cont) • Latifundia: huge estates owned by a new class of wealthy Romans • Conquered people became slaves • Widened the gap between the rich & poor • Reform needed • Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus: state should give land to poor farmers & public funds should feed the poor killed by an angered senate • Julius Caesar-military leader that conquered Gaul • Forced senate to make him dictator • Reforms: employ jobless & give land to poor, granted Roman citizenship, Julian calendar • Enemies stabbed him to death in March, 44 BCE

Roman Empire • Augustus (31 BCE- 14 CE): built a stable gov’t. • Economic reforms: census to make taxes fair, postal service, new coins, public works for jobless • Weak rulers: Caligula & Nero • Caligula named horse as consul & Nero set Rome on fire • Pax Romana or “Roman Peace”: 200 yrs b/t Augustus & Marcus Aurelius • Peace, order, unity, and prosperity • Entertainment: circuses, gladiator contest

Roman Achievement • Greco-Roman Civilization: Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman achievements • Key writers: Virgil and Horace • Art: Mount Vesuvius (79 CE) • Grand architecture • Technology: aqueducts (bridge like stone structures that brought in water) • Civil law & law of nations

Checking for Understanding #2 • How did Rome develop socially, economically, and politically?

Focus # 3 • Analyze the rise of Christianity and its impact on the Roman Empire.

Christianity • Rome was tolerant of many religions • Jewish people excused from worshipping Roman gods • Most knowledge of Jesus comes from the Gospels • Born about 4 BCE in Bethlehem • Recruited 12 apostles to help his mission • Teachings rooted in Jewish tradition with new beliefs • Emphasized God’s loved & need for justice, morality and service to others • Condemned as a revolutionary & crucified

Spread of Christianity • After Jesus’ death, Christianity spread • Paul persecuted Jesus’ followers then converted to Christianity • Spread teachings to non-Jews, or gentiles • Traveled and established churches • Christians persecuted by Roman Empire • Christians b/c martyrs: _________ • Appealing: welcomed all people, equality, human dignity, and better life beyond death

Early Christian Church • Rite of baptism: fully join Christian church • Each community had a priest • Officials ended disputes over heresies • Sent missionaries to convert people • Key scholars: Clement & Origen

Decline & Fall of Rome • Empire unstable from high taxes, over cultivated land, and the overthrow of rulers • 284 CE, Diocletian divided Rome into 2 parts • Diocletian kept the east, and gave the west to a coemperor • Fixed prices on goods to stop inflation

• Constantine (312 CE): tolerated Christianity & encouraged growth of Christianity; new capital, Constantinople eastern empire the center of power • Invasions • Huns (350 CE) sent people looking for refuge into Rome • 434 CE, Attila aka “Scourge of God”, sent more people into Rome • 476 CE: Emperor of Rome ousted • Reasons for fall: • Military: depended on mercenaries, people did not support gov’t, high taxes and poverty, decline of patriotism *Eastern Roman empire became the Byzantine empire*

Checking for Understanding #3 • How did the rise of Christianity impact the Roman Empire?

Focus # 4 • Examine the relationship between the Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire

Byzantine Empire • Greek city Byzantium renamed Constantinople eastern Roman empire became the Byzantine empire • Constantinople: center of empire • Harbors and surrounded by water • Luxury for rulers • Entertainment at Hippodrome • Civilization blended Greek, Roman, and Christian influences

Age of Justinian, 527 CE-565 CE • Empire reached greatest size • Hagia Sophia—beautify Constantinople • Corpus Juris Civilis, or Justinian’s Code—leaders for hundreds of years based their laws on it • Autocrat, sole ruler—combined political & spiritual authority

Byzantine Christianity & Collapse • The Great Schism! Split between two branches of Christianity in 1054 CE • Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches • Pope & Patriarch • Crusades & Ottoman forces led to fall of Byzantine Empire • Heritage: unique architecture & learning

Checking for Understanding # 4 • What was the relationship between the Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire?