Classical Rome Greece Rome Greece Rome Roman Republic

Classical Rome

Greece & Rome Greece Rome

Roman Republic & Empire

Roman gods and goddesses � Jupiter, Venus � Very Juno, Apollo, Diana, Minerva, and similar to the Greek gods and goddesses!

Locations and Places �Rome: Centrally located in the Mediterranean Basin and distant from eastern Mediterranean powers �Italian �Alps: Peninsula Protection �Mediterranean Sea: Protection, seaborne commerce

Roman Republic & Empire

ys of the Week � Monday Luna (Luna) Mars (Mars) � Tuesday � Wednesday � Thursday � Friday Iuppiter (Jupiter) Venus (Venus) � Saturday � Sunday Mercurius (Mercury) Saturnus (Saturn) Sôl (Sol)

Some Roman Contributions � Architectural � Concrete/mortar/cement � Efficient highway system � Mass entertainment � Aqueducts and viaducts � Thermal baths, central heating and floor heating � Wine-making � Roman alphabet � Latin language and descendants � Roman legal � The Republic & Senate � The Julian Calendar � Festivals � The 3 course meal

Roman Military

Warm Up: � Where is Rome (the city) located? � Roman Religion is based on what other classical-age civilization? � Rome is centrally located in the ________ Basin.

Social Structure � Patricians: Powerful nobility (few) � Plebeians: Regular Citizens (many) � Slaves: Not based on race

Citizenship � Patrician and plebeian men � Selected foreigners � Rights and responsibilities of citizenship ◦ Military service ◦ Taxes

Democracy: � Representative � Assemblies � The democracy – What is it? – decided elections Senate � Consuls � Laws – Highest elected government officials of Rome codified as Twelve Tables

Review: � Who could be a Roman Citizen? � How was slavery decided? � Name � Rome the two social classes of citizens. is centrally located in the _______ Basin.

The Twelve Tables �What are each of these laws all about? �Why do you think each of these laws were written?

Warm Up: � What was the name of that Roman Law Code that we examined last class? � Rome is known for beginning what kind of democracy? � Rome had a senate and 2 _____ that were at the head of the government. � What do you think happens when you have a bunch of politicians in the same room for a long period of time?

Founding of Rome – The Roman Race � The tale of Aeneas (The Aeneid) ◦ Dido at Carthage and other travels (like The Odyssey) � Historical evidence ◦ Settlements from 11 th Century BC

Founding of Rome – The City (Kingdom) of Rome � Romulus ◦ ◦ ◦ and Remus Latin princess was Vestal virgin Raped by Mars, bore twin boys Ordered killed by non-Latin king Suckled by a wolf Grew and founded a city (753 BC) Romulus killed Remus � Historic Evidence ◦ The Etruscans conquered the Romans (non-Latin king) ◦ Romans eventually overthrew Etruscans and established kingdom ◦ Ruins of home of king (Romulus? ) date from 8 th Century BC

Founding of Rome Myth: 771 BCE Romulus and Remus -Twin sons of the God of War, Mars

Founding of Rome � Reality: Probably Greek Colonists…

Etruscans Romans have many periods of war and peace with the Etruscans. Tarquin the Proud: Last Etruscan King Rome will continue to expand evolve for the next couple hundred years…

Regal Period � Began with war of independence from Etruscans (500 BC) ◦ War heroes exhibit desired qualities of Romans ◦ Horatio at the bridge (Oath of the Horatii by Jacques Louis David) ◦ Stories became legends for Romans throughout their history ◦ Compare to American War of Independence � Regal period ◦ Ruled by 7 kings ◦ Revolted against last king to found the republic

Roman Republic

Republican Government � Ruled by a senate and the people ◦ SPQR= Senate and the People of Rome ◦ Senate (patricians) appointed consuls (1 year) �Foreign affairs and the military �Direct access by the people to the consul ◦ People (plebs) organized by tribes and they elected 10 tribunes �Governed local affairs �Had veto power (individually)

Constitution (balanced power) � Senate ◦ Never made laws but advice was accepted ◦ Had power to appoint a person to solve a specific problem (He was a "speaker" or "dictator") ◦ Appointed censors (moral guardian/rank judge) ◦ Appointed governors � Concilium plebis ◦ Made all the laws (called plebecites) ◦ Elected magistrates (administrators) and judges � Comitia Curiata/Centuriata – plebs and patricians ◦ Committed the emporium (military power) � All met in the forum (looked over each other) � Pontifex Maximus ◦ Religious leader

Government Comparisons with US government ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Balance of power Senate and House of Representatives Consul (= president) Tribune (veto power) Courts (independent) Military power (? ) Censor (? )

Military Organization � Centuries — 100 armed men ◦ Headed by Centurian (from the ranks) � Maniples— 3 Centuries ◦ Could move quickly through difficult terrain (better than phalanx) ◦ Independent decisions (tribunes) � Legions—groups of Maniples ◦ 6000 men ◦ Supported by light cavalry � Discipline ◦ Death for individual insubordination ◦ Decimation for cowardice

Warm Up: �Explain how the Roman Republic and our government in the USA are similar.

� Roman Expansion (in Italy) Conquest of Italy ◦ Took 200 years ◦ Granted full or partial citizenship � Tax and legal benefits � Developed loyalty in conquered Italian areas ◦ Invasion by King Pyrrhus (pyrrhic victory) � Roman colonies ◦ Established in strategic locations ◦ Established by treaty ◦ Troops sent when needed ◦ Customs of the area left intact ◦ Colonies were mostly for trade, with some military purposes

Roman Expansion (outside Italy) � Conquest of the East and West ◦ Allies rather than servants or slaves ◦ Toleration ◦ Corruption in the Greek kingdoms ◦ Some states given to the Romans ◦ Fast, direct attacks with strong determination and discipline ◦ Outnumbered in most battles ◦ Victory over Parthia

Punic Wars: Rome vs. Carthage 264 – 146 B. C. [B. C. E. ] � Rome trade. and Carthage were in competition for � Hannibal � Three invaded the Italian Peninsula. wars: ◦ Roman victory ◦ Destruction of Carthage ◦ Expanded trade and wealth for Rome

Evolution of the Roman Military SUCCESS: Disciplined troops Varied Types of Troops Well- Paid Experienced

Warm Up: �How many Punic Wars were there? �Who were these wars between? �Why did these two sides fight? �What were the overall results?

Collapse of the Republic � Violence used to eliminate enemies and impose one’s will ◦ Gracchus � Re-election to consulate (many times) and standing army ◦ Marius � Assumption of dictator powers, use of the army to override councils, proscription list ◦ Sulla

Building an Empire � Structure of the "empire" ◦ Still a republican form of government ◦ Checks and balances ◦ Two parties emerged �Optimares (conservatives, Cato and Cicero) �Populares (power to people) � Family � Values ◦ ◦ ◦ (according to the Romans) Piety Discipline Frugality Not greedy Righteous wars Never quit

Building an Empire � Status of Women ◦ Absence of men at war ◦ Women gained economic power ◦ Ability to divorce and retain property ◦ Morals eventually eroded, in part because home-life eroded

Building an Empire � Slavery ◦ Conquests increased the number of slaves ◦ Constituted 40% of the population ◦ Conditions were poor ◦ Romans feared slave uprising ◦ Slaves took jobs from the plebs so plebs were given food and other benefits

Julius Caesar � First triumvirate: Caesar, Crassus, Pompey � Julius Caesar: Seizure of power, assassinated

Julius Caesar 100 -44 BC � Early Life ◦ Born to aristocratic family �Caesarian section �Legend that he descended from the gods ◦ Known for partying and sexual appetite ◦ Captured by pirates and held for ransom �Returned to area and killed pirates ◦ Appointed to a series of government jobs �Statue of Alexander

Julius Caesar � Triumvirate ◦ Praised for his work in Spain ◦ Appointed governor in Gaul (conquest) ◦ Alliance with Crassus and Pompey to form the triumvirate (not initially, but later elected) ◦ Rivalry with Pompey after death of Crassus �Crossing the Rubicon ◦ Uprising in Asia �Veni, vidi, vici—I came, I saw, I conquered ◦ Conquest of Egypt �Cleopatra

Julius Caesar � Returned to Rome as a conquering hero ◦ Procession for each territory on a different day (Gaul, Africa, Spain, Asia) and games for many additional days ◦ Offered crown (as emperor) twice and refused it when people didn't respond favorably � Dictator (rule by one man) ◦ Appointed for 10 years and then for life ◦ Caesar’s plans for Rome �Calendar (July) �Libraries, theaters, other public works �Gave citizenship to people in Spain and Gaul

Julius Caesar � Murder of Caesar ◦ Killed by senatorial opponents ◦ Instigated by his usurpation of power and their fear that he would become emperor ◦ Died March 15, 44 BC �Stabbed by 20 senators �Brutus—illegitimate son ◦ Mark Anthony and Octavian �Rallied against the conspirators

Roman Republic � Rome conquered Greece 150 BC � Romans took on much Greek culture ◦ Gods and goddesses parallel each other ◦ Gods had Indo-European roots

Building an Empire � Economics ◦ Not enough land to support the people ◦ Farmers were needed and respected ◦ Acquisition of wheat and other foods became a priority ◦ Victory over Carthage provided more land ◦ Rome was a consumer ◦ Trading profits made many Romans rich ◦ Extremes of wealth and poverty ◦ Citizens did not have to pay taxes

Warm Up � What does the diagram show? This PROCESS known as the ______________!

Archaeology � Archaeologists follow a similar process when dealing with ancient artifacts!

Primary Sources � Term used to describe material that is closest to the person, information, period, or idea being studied. � In other words…

First Ask These Questions �When trying to gather evidence from a primary source, first try to answer these basic questions. (You may not have enough information to do so. ) ◦ What is it? ◦ Who wrote or made it? ◦ When was it written or made? ◦ Where was it written or made? ◦ How was it written or made? ◦ What evidence does this source contribute to my research?

Instructions � DO NOT TOUCH ITEM #5 � In your group, attempt to answer the questions for each exhibit. You may not know the right answers, and this is OK! � At the end of the time period for each exhibit, the whistle will sound and prompt you to go to the next exhibit. � DO NOT TOUCH ITEM #5

Warm Up: � Remember last week? ◦ What has Julius Caesar accomplished so far in our reconstruction of his life? ◦ Who are his main enemies? Politically? Militarily?

Decline of the Republic � Spread of slavery in the agricultural system � Migration of small farmers into cities and unemployment � Civil war over the power of Julius Caesar � Devaluation of Roman currency; inflation

Warm Up: � Which 3 people made up the first triumvirate? � Explain why the Republic of Rome declined. Give examples to support your reasoning. � The assassination of Julius Caesar had a severe consequence for the Roman people… What was it? � How can we describe an EMPIRE ?

The EMPIRE Strikes Back �a geographically extensive group of states and peoples (ethnic groups) united and ruled either by a monarch (emperor, empress) or an oligarchy. �a state with politico-military dominion of populations who are culturally and ethnically distinct from the imperial (ruling) ethnic group and its culture

Imperial Rome � Augustus Caesar: Civil war, defeat of Marc Anthony, Rome’s first emperor

Imperial Rome � Empire: Unified and enlarged, using imperial authority and the military

Imperial Rome � Failed to provide for peaceful succession of Emperors

Ruling an Empire � List_of_Roman_Emperors

Warm Up: � Why did the Roman Republic fail to survive challenges by Julius Caesar? � How did an imperial monarchy come to rule Rome?

Objectives: � What was the Pax Romana? was the impact of the Pax Romana on the Roman Empire?

Pax Romana (27 BC to 180 AD) � Two centuries of peace and prosperity under imperial rule � Expansion of the Roman Empire, particularly in the Near East

Economic Impact � Established uniform system of money, which helped to expand trade � Guaranteed safe travel and trade on Roman roads � Promoted stability prosperity and

Social Impact � Returned stability to social classes � Increased emphasis on the family

Political Impact � Created a civil service system � Developed a uniform rule of law

Warm Up: � What was the Pax Romana? was the impact of the Pax Romana on the Roman Empire?

Objectives: � Explain the history of Christianity and how it spread throughout the Roman Empire. � List the major world-changing accomplishment of Emperor Constantine. � Name the contributions of Rome to today’s society.

Christianity in the late Roman Empire � Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity and made it legal. � Christianity religion. later became the official state � Loyalty to the Church became more important than loyalty to the Emperor. � The Church became the unifying force of Western Europe.

Constantine & Christianity

Roman Contributions � Art and architecture: Pantheon, Colosseum, Forum

Roman Contributions � Technology: Roads, aqueducts, Roman arches

Roman Contributions � Medicine: Emphasis on public health

Roman Contributions

Warm Up: � Explain how Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire. � What was the major world-changing accomplishment of Emperor Constantine? � Name some contributions of Rome to today’s society.

Objectives: � List causes for the decline of the Western Roman Empire. � Explain West. how the empire divided into East and

Causes for the decline of the Western Roman Empire � Geographic size: Difficulty of defense and administration

Causes for the decline of the Western Roman Empire � Economy: The cost of defense, and devaluation of Roman currency

Causes for the decline of the Western Roman Empire � Military: Army membership started to include non-Romans, resulting in decline of discipline

Causes for the decline of the Western Roman Empire � Moral decay: People’s loss of faith in Rome and the family

Causes for the decline of the Western Roman Empire � Political problems: Civil conflict and weak administration

Causes for the decline of the Western Roman Empire � Invasion: Attacks on borders

Division of the Roman Empire � Move of the capital by Constantine from Rome to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople � Survival of the Western Roman Empire until 476 A. D. when it ceased to have a Roman Emperor � Eastern Roman Empire becomes known as the Byzantine Empire

476 AD

Fall of the Empire Writing � WRITE A SHORT REPORT TO BE PRESENTED TO THE EMPEROR. � IT SHOULD INCLUDE: � The 3 biggest problems faced by the Roman Empire. � a) Explain why you choose it. � b) Write down any possible solutions to it. � c) Repeat for your second and third biggest problems.