Ancient Rome Early Rome What advantages did Romes

Ancient Rome

Early Rome What advantages did Rome’s location give it? Rome was founded in 753 BC

on the Tiber River.

In 616, the Etruscans conquered central Italy. Influenced Roman development System of writing – alphabet Architecture – the arch The Etruscans ruled Rome for 100 years.

Around 509 BC, the Romans drove out the Etruscans and set up a republican government. Republican means A political unit that is not ruled by a monarch and in which citizens with the right to vote choose their leaders. Is the United States a republic?

Consul The Republic was headed by 2 consuls. A consul means Directed the government and the military (like the US President), head of the executive branch of the government Consuls served for One year Could not be elected again for 10 years Could veto each other’s decisions

Veto A veto is To block a decision or vote Who has the power in US government to veto? The President

Senate • The consuls were advised by the Senate. How many Senators were there? • How long did Senators serve? 300 For Life How many Senators does the US have? 100/ 2 per state How long do US Senators serve? 6 years

All Senators were Patricians. A patrician is? The noble class or aristocracy

Plebeians were? The common man Plebeians had few rights and Could not vote. They were allowed to become members of the Roman assembly which had no real power. Senators could veto the assembly.

Plebeians later forced Patricians to give them more power. They refused to serve in the army until patricians agreed to reforms. Enslavement for debt was ended. Marriage between patricians and plebeians was allowed

Roman Values • Gravitas – discipline, strength, and loyalty honored strength more than beauty, power more than grace, usefulness more than elegance • Slavery – mostly conquered people, gladiators • Religion – myths, same as Greeks (but gave gods different names) Worship of emperor became part of the official religion

Twelve Tables In 451 BC, Roman law was carved on 12 great tablets known as the Twelve Tables

Roman Law • All persons had the right to equal treatment under the law. • A person was considered innocent until proven guilty. • No person could be judged guilty of a crime until after the facts of the case were examined. • The burden of proof rested with the accuser rather than the accused. • All persons accused of crimes had a right to face their accusers and defend themselves before a judge. • If there was any doubt about a person’s guilt, he or she should be judged innocent. • Any law that seemed unreasonable or grossly unfair could be set aside. What legal systems did Roman law influence?

Forum All free citizens had a right to the protection of the law. The Forum The Twelve Tablets were hung in the Forum, the public meeting area in the center of Rome.

In 509 BC, Rome was only 19 square miles.

All male citizens were required to serve in the army. Romans could not hold public office until they had first served for 10 years as a soldier. So what type of society did Rome have?

The Roman army was made up of legions. Roman Legion A legion was A unit of the Roman army made up of 4000 -6000 men

Cavalry Each legion had a unit of cavalry. What is cavalry?

Roman legions were superior to Greek phalanxes because they were more flexible. A consul led the army.

In times of emergency, a dictator was appointed by the Senate. A dictator in Rome is A political leader elected for a limited time and given absolute power to make laws and command the army How long could a dictator serve? 6 months Why did the Romans limit a dictator’s term? What is the definition of a dictator today? Any political leader who takes on absolute power and command of the army usually without legal basis Can you name any modern dictators?

The Roman army had catapults which could throw stones or flaming missiles.

The Roman army also had Siege Towers

Rome is located on the Italian Peninsula. From 509 – 265 BC, Rome conquered the Italian Peninsula

Define peninsula: A peninsula is Land surrounded on 3 sides by water Can you name another peninsula?

In 390 BC, Rome was sacked by the Gauls. What does “sack” mean? Destroy

Romans were forced to pay a bribe to make the Guals leave. What is a Bribe? To pay money to make some one do something. It is usually considered illegal.

Citizenship rights • Latin neighbors on the Tiber River had full citizenship rights – could marry other Romans, vote in Assemblies, and appeal for justice in Roman courts. • Other people on the Italian peninsula were given the status of half-citizens – enjoyed all privileges except voting • Allies, conquered people, had to contribute troops to the Roman army, forbidden to make treaties but were free to govern its own people without interference from Rome This was different than in Greece. People outside of Rome shared in the power of government.

Jews Under citizenship rights, Jews qualified as allies. • Allies, conquered people, had to contribute troops to the Roman army, forbidden to make treaties but were free to govern its own people without interference from Rome However Jews refused to worship or respect Roman gods. Romans were polytheistic. Jews were monotheistic. The First Commandment said “I am the Lord thy God. Thou shalt have no other gods before Me. ” This difference caused problems and made the Romans single out the Jews for punishment.

Punic Wars The 3 Punic Wars were fought between Rome and Carthage was located on the continent of Africa, on the coast in the middle of the Mediterranean. It was a rival for control of trade on the Mediterranean Sea.

The First Punic War started in 246 BC Carthage was founded by Phoenicians and controlled colonies in Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily, . Spain, and North Africa. .

Rome and Carthage fought for control over the colonies and for control of the trade on the Mediterranean Sea. Carthage was 3 times as large as Rome and had a navy of 500 ships. It collected in tribute of 1 million pounds of gold a year. What is a tribute?

Carthage used the money to employ mercenaries. What is a mercenary? A soldier who fights for money, not loyalty

Roman Disadvantage: Rome had no navy. Roman Advantages 1. Rome could draw on more than 500, 000 troops through its conquered territory. 2. Citizen troops were more loyal and reliable than mercenaries. 3. Warfare was a Roman specialty while Carthage was more interested in trying to collect more wealth.

The First Punic War lasted 23 years, It ended when Rome defeated Carthage’s navy. This ended Carthage’s sea power. Rome took over Sicily.

The Second Punic War Began in 218 BC when Hannibal, a general from Carthage planned an invasion.

Hannibal assembled an invasion force of 50, 000 infantry, 9, 000 cavalry, and 60 elephants. His army occupied parts of Italy for 13 years. Why did his invasion fail?

Battle of Zama The Roman general, Scipio sailed to Carthage to attack and forced Hannibal to return to defend the city.

Third Punic War: Carthage was destroyed in 146 BC

What did Rome gain by defeating Carthage?

What 2 civilizations combined to form “classical civilization”? Greece and Rome

What was Roman language called? Latin What modern languages developed from Latin? Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian

Collesium

Gladiator

Arch

Pantheon

q u e d Aqueduct

Circus Maximus

Myrtar

Roman Roads all roads lead to Rome continues to invoke the picture of Roman cultural and military dominance.

Appian Way

Rubicon River

Julius Caesar

Assassination