ANCIENT ROME ANCIENT ROME GEOGRAPHY ORIGINS OF ROME

ANCIENT ROME

ANCIENT ROME GEOGRAPHY ORIGINS OF ROME Early People of ROme Roman Republic Punic Wars Expansion Julius Caesar Rome: The EMpire Effects of The Pax Romana Life in the Empire Christianity The Decline of ROme

I t a l y 1. 3. ria 2. 5. 8. 9. 10. tic Se a. 7. 6. M a p 4. A d

Vocabulary Republic – a government having a chief of state who is not a monarch and who in modern times is usually a president Etruscans – an influential group of people who live in Italy in a region known at Etruria. Their economy was based on trade, agriculture, and mineral resources. Hellenistic – of Greek history, language, and culture after the death of Alexander the Great. Italy – country in S. Europe, mostly on a peninsula extending into the Mediterranean & including Sicily, Sardinia, and numerous other islands. Empire – a political unit or territory or large geographic area under a unified or supreme authority, often an emperor or empress. Aqueduct – a man made tube or channel used for transporting water a long distance. Christianity – Christian religion, based upon the belief in Jesus as the Christ and upon his teachings. Pompeii – ancient city in S Italy, on the Bay of Naples; destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius Augustus – the first Roman emperor Julius Caesar Rome’s dictator Pax Romana – “Roman Peace” A time period when Rome didn’t have any conflicts with other territories. Constantine – the first Christian emperor of the Roman Empire Colosseum – an amphitheater in Rome, built c. 75 80; much of it is still standing Gladiator – in ancient Rome, a man who fought other men or animals with a sword or other weapons in an arena, for the entertainment of spectators; gladiators were slaves, captives, or paid performers.

GEOGRAPHY OF ANCIENT ITALY

GEOGRAPHY OF ANCIENT ITALY I. Geography of Ancient Rome A. Geographical Features ITALY 1. Rome is located on the peninsula of _____. shaped like a boot a. _________________ in the Mediterranean Sea b. _________________ moderate climate; good soil c. _________________

Geography of Ancient Italy SICILY 2. _______ is a small island at the "toe" of Italy's "boot". a. popular Greek colony because of its fertile soil.

Geography of Ancient Italy northern ______. border 3. The Alps are located along the _____ a. Europe's highest mountain range b. separates the Italian peninsula from the rest of Europe.

Geography of Ancient Italy south 4. The Apennines run ______ through Italy. difficult a. makes travel across Italy _________. b. lacks rich soil more sheep herding than farming

Geography of Ancient Italy Latium 5. The Roman Civilization developed on the fertile _____ Tiber River. Plain ______ along the _____

Origins of Ancient Rome B. The Origins of Rome 1. Romulus & Remus Myth about twin brothers raised by wolves a. _____________________ Survival against the odds, but also brutal beginnings. b. _____________________

Origins of Ancient Rome 2. Aeneas, prince of Troy. Continuation of Greek myth of Troy a. ____________________ Heroic story; Prince as founder b. ____________________

Origins of Ancient Rome 3. City of Seven Hills protection a. Hills provided __________. food / crops b. Rich farmlands provided ___________. transportation/trade c. Accessible seaport provided for _________.

EARLY PEOPLE of Ancient Rome 4. The Latins simple _____ farmers a. ____ who established a village Tiber Latium along the ______ River on the ______ plain.

EARLY PEOPLE of Ancient Rome 5. The Etruscans Etrurian a. Developed on the ______ plain. Early kings b. ________, who conquered surrounding peoples. Sea-traders; had access to outside influences c. ______________________ (Greece, Asia, and Africa). d. Ruled early Rome & introduced many ideas from foreign cultures.

EARLY PEOPLE of Ancient Rome 6. The Etruscans contributed to the development of Roman civilization. a. Staged games b. Engineers c. Togas d. Alphabet e. Senate: beginnings of representational government. f. Organized army g. 1 st census & citizen's rights

EARLY PEOPLE of Ancient Rome 7. Romans grew restless with harsh Etruscan rule and drove 509 bc the Etruscans out in _____. a. Upper class Romans wanted a greater share in government. Lucretia b. The myth of _________ rallied the Roman people.

The Roman Republic A. The Citizens of Rome 1. Some Roman citizens had more power than others. wealthy noble families a. Patricians: _______________ common people b. Plebeians: _______________

The Roman Republic 2. Plebeians demanded more rights a. Revolted in 494 BC and demanded changes. Livy b. Roman historian ________ wrote of this rebellion. c. Eventually both sides worked together to improve the government.

The Roman Republic B. Governmental Organization kings so they established a 1. The Romans did not want to be ruled by _____, republic ________. public ______" thing a. Republic: "_____ a form of government led by officials elected _______ b. USA's government representatives c. The Roman Assembly of citizens elected _________ to make governmental decisions. main council of representatives d. Senate: __________________ two officials from Senate elected each year, e. Consuls: _______________________ held supreme power over Rome. _______________________

The Roman Republic Senatus Populusque Romanus “The Senate and the People of Rome”

The Roman Republic

The Roman Republic 2. Again, plebeians demanded more rights. tribunes a. elected _________ to represent them. I Forbid the laws passed by the Senate. b. held the power to veto ("_____") c. If you killed a Tribune, you were executed. The Gracchi: Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus. As tribunes of the plebeians the common people of Rome - the Gracchi attempted to redistribute the wealth of the patricians - the Roman ruling class - among the city's landless citizens. Both brothers were assassinated for their pains.

The Roman Republic Twelve Tables 3. Demands of the plebeians led to the writing of the __________. Forum a. The "Law of the Land", displayed in the ______. b. Eventually plebeians could hold office, one consul had plebeian to be a _______.

The Roman Republic C. The Republic Expands 1. Following independence from the Etruscans Rome began to expand. Gauls invaded Italy and weakened Rome, but they recovered 2. The ____ and conquered their neighbors who had not recovered as quickly. Latin a. Conquered the Samnites and the cities of the _______ League _______, made peace treaties, and gained control of all of Italy. b. The Roman army improved.

The Roman Republic Carthage 3. Rome fought a series of wars with _______, a North African city state.

The Roman Republic

The PUNIC WARS Sicily 4. 1 st Punic War (264 241 BC) fought over control of ______. Carthage had a superior Navy a. ______________________ Rome captured a Carthaginian ship and duplicated it b. ______________________ Rome built a powerful Navy & defeated Carthage c. ______________________ Rome gained control of Sicily and Sardinia d. ______________________

The PUNIC WARS Spain 5. 2 nd Punic War (218 to 202 BC) fought over _______. Hannibal invaded Italy from the North, over a. Carthaginian general ______ the Alps. b. Rome suffered greatly Africanus Scipio c. Roman General __________________ drove Battle of Zama Hannibal out of Rome and defeated him at the __________.

The PUNIC WARS http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=b. FNGVSf 7 YNM&feature=related

The PUNIC WARS 6. 3 rd Punic War a. The Roman army invaded and conquered Carthage in 146 BC. A Carthaginian Peace b. “________________” Rome burned the city, sowed salt in their soil, killed all of their soldiers and sold the remaining people into slavery.

The PUNIC WARS

EXPANSION 7. Rome continued to expand. defeated a. Macedonia ______________ broken apart & defeated b. Syria _______________ surrendered- “went along” with Rome c. Egypt ________________________ d. All became subject to Rome Click on picture for video.

JULIUS CAESAR A. Julius Caesar 1. As Rome's empire expanded, governors were appointed to the Roman provinces. ruled firmly, but fairly a. ______________ ________ collected taxes and encouraged trade b. _____________________ provided protection c. _____________________ Gaul a Roman province in present day France, d. _____, Julius Caesar was governed by _____________.

JULIUS CAESAR Julius Caesar 2. Two governors became rivals for power, ___________ and Pompey ___________ a. Battled in Greece for control of Rome Egypt b. Pompey fled to ______ and was killed c. Caesar returns to Rome victorious and is declared “Sole Ruler of Rome” ___________.

JULIUS CAESAR d. Caesar promised: grain for the hungry _______________ land for the landless _______________ jobs for the city’s poor _______________ PEACE _______________ calendar e. Julius Caesar also redesigned the ________

JULIUS CAESAR friends f. Julius Caesar was killed in 44 BC by "_______“ who feared that he king would make himself "______" and destroy the Republic.

ROME: THE EMPIRE B. Civil War Julius Caesar 1. With the death of __________, civil war broke Octavian and __________. Marc Antony out between ______ Cleopatra 2. Marc Antony joined forces with __________ to try and defeat Octavian. Actium 3. Octavian defeated Marc Antony at the Battle of ______ in 31 bc and First _____" Citizen of Rome. declared himself Princep "____

“He was unusually handsome and exceedingly graceful at all periods of his life, though he cared nothing for personal adornment. His expression, whether in conversation or when he was silent, was calm and mild. He had clear, bright eyes, in which he liked to have it thought that there was a kind of divine power, and it greatly pleased him, whenever he looked keenly at anyone, if he let his face fall as if before the radiance of the sun. His teeth were wide apart, small and ill-kept; his hair was slightly curly and inclining to golden; his eyebrows met. His complexion was between dark and fair. He was short of stature, but this was concealed by the fine proportion and symmetry of his figure, and was noticeable only by comparison with some taller person standing beside him. ” Descripition of Augustus by Suetonius, a biographer.

ROME: THE EMPIRE C. Augustus Caesar Augustus meaning "honored one". 1. Octavian took the name ______, 40 years, had control of the army. 2. Ruled for _____ peace good government 3. Brought ____ and _____________ to Rome. 4. Fair taxes postal system 5. Established the first _______________ Patronized 6. ________ building projects which brought beauty and jobs to Rome. art literature 7. Encouraged _________ and _____. Golden _____ Age __ of_____" Rome 8. Ushered in the "_____ 9. Upon his death, he left every Roman citizen something in his will.

ROME: THE EMPIRE D. The Pax Romana Roman ______" Peace 1. "______ established by Augustus 200 years in most parts of the Empire. 2. Lasted over _______ Trajan 3. Under the Emperor ______, Rome reached its greatest 2. 5 size _____ million square miles. census 4. Every five years, Rome took a ________, or population count of the people living in the empire. 5. Rome gave many benefits to the people it governed. well maintained, paved roads a. ____________________ new public buildings b. ____________________ aqueducts c. ____________________ protection by Roman legions d. ____________________

“I found Rome brick and left it marble. ”

ROME: THE EMPIRE

Effects of the Pax Romana The governors / Senate created laws which the Army enforced – the Legions also collected the taxes for the Empire. LAW ROADS Built & patrolled by the Roman Legions, roads provided safety and ease of travel. SPQR TAXES The increased trade resulted in more taxes that Rome collected from its merchants & traders. TRADE The ease of travel & safety of the Empire allowed trade to flourish bringing wealth & knowledge to Rome.

Life in The Empire A. The Streets of Rome Forum 1. The _________ was Rome's main square. Golden _________" Milestone 2. In the center was the "_______ a. "All roads lead to Rome" 3. Meeting place of the Roman Senate 4. Public meeting place 5. Government buildings, temples, & shops 6. Roman Baths a. 11 Imperial baths b. 856 public baths c. Huge structures containing gymnasiums, libraries, & shops d. NO SOAP!!! Romans used olive oil. 7. Shops along the streets of Rome sold and traded items from across the Empire.

B. Buildings and Engineering 1. Rome's best achievements were in architecture ___________. Colosseum 2. ___________ famous stadium built in 80 AD a. 14 stories high b. held 500, 000 people c. 100 days of games d. 10, 000 animals killed, many exotic animals e. 3, 000 gladiators

3. Pantheon Temple to honor all gods & goddesses of the Roman world a. _____ b. Jupiter, Juno, & Minerva: protected the city of Rome

4. Roman Roads made travel easier and safer a. ___________________ allowed for quick movement of legions throughout the Empire b. ___________________ sloped to drain water c. ___________________ provided jobs to build and repair d. ___________________ among Rome’s greatest engineering feat e. ___________________

All Roads Lead to Rome Romans built over 53, 000 miles of roads to connect every part of their empire. Roman roads were vital for military deployment, communication and increasing commerce

5. Roman Sewers & Aqueducts a. very well constructed, many still standing today concrete b. Romans invented _________

G. Home & Family Life upper 1. Wealthy lived in the _________ city. atrium a. Homes were built around an _______, or inner courtyard 2. Others lived in the lower city in crowded, many level apartments. Great danger of fire a. ____________________ b. Horrible smell: people carried bouquets of flowers over noses to cover foul odor.

Father 3. _________ was leader and guardian over the family 4. Mother & father responsible for worshipping the household gods & ancestors ensured prosperity for the family. Patrician 5. _________ children, both boys & girls, were tutored 6. At the age of ___, 12 boys graduated from their studies in Literature, Astronomy, & Logic Rhetoric 7. 16 year old boys continued their education at ______ 8. Girls were educated at home 9. Other classes were taught skills based upon their family lifestyle. 10. Women were not recognized as legal persons a. Married at 12 15 years of age. b. Marriages were arranged

CHRISTIANITY I. Beginnings of Christianity A. The Life of Jesus Bethlehem 1. Jesus was born in __________ Joseph Mary 2. His parents were _______ & ______ Nazareth 3. Jesus grew up in the city of __________ Jewish 4. Jesus was raised in the __________ faith.

CHRISTIANITY 12 Jesus amazed the Jewish teachers in the temple with 5. At the age of ___, his knowledge and understanding of the Jewish faith. 30 6. Jesus began teaching at the age of ____. Jesus healed the sick a. _______________________ Jesus performed miracles b. _______________________ Messiah 7. Followers of Jesus came to believe that He was the _______. Messiah a. _______ a special leader sent by God to guide the Jewish people to set up God's rule on earth.

CHRISTIANITY B. The Teachings of Jesus parables 1. Jesus taught His followers using _________ a. Parables were simple stories that contain a message or truth † Parables taught the value of seeking the right path in life. † Parables described the greatness of God's love for all people. † Parables stressed the importance of loving other people. New Testament b. Many of Jesus' parables were recorded in the ________

CHRISTIANITY apostles 2. Jesus' closest followers were called _________. a. The apostles were twelve men chosen by Jesus to help Him teach Peter one of the twelve, was a fisherman before joining Jesus b. ____, c. The apostles became united through Jesus' teachings and helped to spread His teachings after He died.

3. Jesus' popularity threatened the power of the Roman governors. a. There had been fear of rebellion in Judea b. Roman soldiers arrested Jesus Pontius Pilate c. ____________ sentenced Jesus to die 33 years old when He was crucified d. Jesus was _____ e. The Bible says that Jesus rose from the dead three days after His crucifixion, a promise of everlasting life. 4. Today, Christians try to follow Jesus' teachings and celebrate His birth, His life, and His resurrection.

C. The Spread of Christianity 1. After Jesus' death and resurrection, Christianity continued to spread throughout the Roman empire. 2. Peter the Apostle and Paul of Tarsus helped to spread Jesus' teaching Paul a. _________ Well educated in both the Hebrew Bible and Greek classics. Spoke in many cities about Christianity Peter b. __________ Helped bring Christianity to Rome's crowded neighborhoods First bishop regional church leader of Rome Later, this title would be changed to pope, meaning "father" pope c. Today, the _____ is the leader of the Roman Catholic Church d. Christians were tortured and killed by the Roman government e. Christianity continued to spread

ROME’s DECLINE Pax Romana A. The Decline of an Empire The End of the ____________ 1. The Roman Empire had become too big to control loss of money 2. It became difficult to communicate and collect taxes (______) Germanic tribes were invading and raiding the borders 3. The northern, _____, destroyed cities and farmland a. __________________________ made the roads and coasts unsafe (negatively affecting trade) b. __________________________ cities became isolated c. __________________________

ROME’s DECLINE Diocletian 4. _______ was a powerful general who became emperor in 284 AD a. he divided the empire into east and west b. three assistants took over the western half c. Diocletian ruled the eastern empire, including Egypt, Greece, and Palestine the Roman name for Judea. 5. Diocletian's reign marked a turning point in Roman history a. Rome was no longer the most important city b. Power was shifting from west to east.

ROME’s DECLINE B. A Capital in the East Constantine 1. The Emperor _________ (306 AD) reunited the Roman Empire a. Constantine kept the focus on the eastern empire Byzantium b. He established a new capital for the empire at _______, the site of an ancient Greek colony. • Constantine renamed the city after himself: Constantinople • Surrounded on three sides by water • Located on major trade routes between the eastern empire and Asia • Far away from Rome and its traditions of government and religion • Had several Roman style buildings & Christian churches

ROME’s DECLINE

ROME’s DECLINE

ROME’s DECLINE Christianity 2. Constantine became a supporter of ________ a. He was told to use the sign of the cross on his shields in battle and he won. b. Granted freedom to all Christians c. Built churches and appointed Christians to government posts

ROME’s DECLINE 476 3. The Western Roman Empire fell to northern invaders in ____ AD. a. The Visigoths & Vandals sacked Rome in 410 & 455 Ostrogoths swept through Italy, their leader, Odoacer, b. In 476, the ________ killed the emperor & declared himself king. c. The last Western Emperor was Romulus Augustulus ("Little Augustus")

ROME’s DECLINE Eastern 4. The _______ Roman Empire lived on for another 1, 000 years. Byzantine _______ Empire a. It became known as the ________ b. Greek culture played a large role in Byzantine life. • Spoke Greek instead of Latin • Greek and Asian styles influences art & architecture

ROME’s DECLINE 5. Christianity developed differently in the East a. Eastern Christians disagreed with the Western Christians' ideas pope about church leadership, especially the role of the _____. Eastern Orthodox b. The Eastern Christians developed ______________ Christianity __________ as their religion. Roman Catholicism c. The Western Christians developed ______________ Roman language and architecture enriched the development of Christianity. Latin • Church ceremonies & writings were in _______ • Huge churches were built in the Roman style • Rome would become the leader in western Christianity

ROME’s DECLINE 6. Byzantine culture preserved many of the strong traditions of the Roman empire. Justinian a. The Emperor ________ had all Roman Laws codified. b. Eventually Roman laws would revive in Western Europe. What many previous emperors before had failed to do, "we have decided now to grant to the world, with the help of Almighty God, " announced the ambitious Justinian I with his wife, Theodora. Not content to plaster over an empire cracking and peeling with age, he intended to do nothing less than completely remake the Roman Empire—legally, militarily, architecturally—and unite it once more into a glorious kingdom. And in large measure he succeeded.

“There are two great gifts which God, in his love for man, has granted from on high: the priesthood and the imperial dignity“ —Justinian I

ANCIENT ROME

ANCIENT ROME

ANCIENT ROME RETURN

The History of Valentine’s Day http: //www. history. com/topics/valentines day/videos#history of valentines day Describe the pre Christian origins of St. Valentine’s Day? Who was St. Valentine? Why did Emperor Claudius ban marriages? How did St. Valentine defy the Emperor? What was the result? Explain how flowers and love notes became a Valentine’s Day tradition. “Love Is All You Need” Write an essay explaining what this quote means to you. Use details and examples to illustrate your thoughts.