The Sui Dynasty 589 618 Regional kingdoms succeed
- Slides: 43
The Sui Dynasty (589 -618) • Regional kingdoms succeed collapse of Han dynasty (220 -589 Decentralized/Dark Age) • Buddhist Emperor – Wendi Sui • Wendi Sui consolidates control of China, initiates Sui Dynasty • Wendi won popular support by lowering taxes and establishing a cheap food supply. • Brought back scholar-gentry and imperial exam
Sui’s Fall • Yangdi, Wendi’s son, succeeded his father to the Throne. • Attempted to conquer Korea (failed) • Defeated by central Asian Nomads (Turkic) • Massive building projects: – Military labor – Conscripted labor -Grand Canal!!! -Great Wall reconstruction (6 million workers!)
The Grand Canal • Intended to promote trade between north and south China – Most Chinese rivers flow west-east • Linked network of earlier canals – 1240 miles – Roads on either bank • Succeeded only by railroad traffic in 20 th century • Longest canal or artificial river in the world today!
The Tang Dynasty (618 -907 CE) • Wide discontent over conscripted labor in Sui dynasty • Military failures in Korea prompt rebellion • Emperor assassinated in 618 – Tang Dynasty initiated
The Sui and Tang dynasties, 589 -907 CE .
Tang Taizong • Second emperor of Tang dynasty (r. 627 -649 CE) • Murdered two brothers, thrust father aside to take throne • Strong ruler – Built capital at Chang’an – Law and order – Taxes, prices low – More effective implementation of earlier Sui policies
Major Achievements of Tang Dynasty • Transportation and communications – Extensive postal, courier services • Became the golden age of literature in China • Emperor Xuanzong’s splendor in Chang’an • Welcoming of foreign faiths (not conversion) • Equal-field System – 20% of land hereditary ownership – 80% redistributed according to formula • Family size, land fertility – Worked well until 8 th century • Corruption, loss of land to Buddhist monasteries, aristocratic land accumulation
Bureaucracy of Merit • Imperial civil service examinations – Confucian educational curriculum • Some bribery, nepotism • But most advance through merit – Built loyalty to the dynasty – System remains strong until early 20 th century
Tang Military Expansion and Foreign Relations • Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam, Tibet • One of the largest expansions of China in its history • Paid Central Asian Nomads to defend boarder (repair G. Wall) • Established tributary relationships – Gifts • China as “Middle Kingdom” – The kowtow ritual
Tang Decline • Governmental neglect: Emperor obsessed with music, favorite concubine • Anti-Buddhist Backlash (by Conf. & Daoists) • Loss of tax revenues and inability to feed people in times of famine (Gov’t weakness) • Nomadic Turkish Uighur (WEE-goor) mercenaries invited to suppress rebellion, sacked Chang’an and Luoyang as payment • Nomadic raids and invasions continued • Tang decline continues, rebellions in 9 th century, last emperor abdicates 907
The Song Dynasty, 960 -1279 C. E.
Song Dynasty (960 -1279 CE) [Never matched Tang military or political strength] • Emphasis on administration, industry, education, the arts • Military not emphasized • Direction of first emperor, Song Taizu (r. 960 -976 CE) – Former military leader – Made emperor by troops – Instituted policy of imperial favor for civil servants, expanded meritocracy
Song Strengths • Population increase approached 100 mil. • Rice production doubled due to opening new lands to cultivation in the south (Grand Canal) • Improved tool use and fertilizers; new rice strains from Vietnam • Tax relief for farmers and credit to open new farms • Early song Emperors appoint bureaucrats based on merit • Excel at Manufacturing (gunpowder, bombs, moveable type print, water-power mills, iron, steel); more per capita manufacturing than anyone else!
Song Weaknesses • Lack of military might (“Fight with other means”) • Size of bureaucracy heavy drain on economy – Two peasant rebellions in 12 th c. – Internal inertia prevents reform of bureaucracy • Civil service leadership of military – Lacked military training – Unable to contain nomadic attacks – Jurchen (a Tungusic people (Siberian) who inhabited the region of Manchuria) conquer, founding the Jin Empire, forcing Song dynasty to Hangzhou, southern China (Southern Song)
The Song Dynasty, 960 -1279 C. E.
Agricultural Economies of the Tang and Song Dynasties • Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice, 2 crops per year • Technology: iron plows, use of draft animals (North - Oxen, South – Water Buffaloes) • Soil fertilization, improved irrigation – Water wheels, canals • Terrace farming
Population Growth • Result of increased agricultural production • Effective food distribution system – Transportation networks built under Tang and Song dynasties
Strict Social Hierarchy Gentry: Gentry Wealthy landowners, focused on Confucian ideals, focus on civil service Peasants: Majority population who were predominantly farmers living in small villages Merchants: Could acquire wealth but always held low social status due to their wealth coming from the work of others. Could own land educate sons to enter the Gentry
Urbanization • Chang’an (currently Xi'an) world’s most populous city: 2 million residents – Southern Song capital Hangzhou: over 1 million
Patriarchal Social Structures • Increased emphasis on ancestor worship – Elaborate grave rituals – Extended family gatherings in honor of deceased ancestors • Footbinding gains popularity – Increased control by male family members
Footbinding
Foot-Binding The Quest for Beauty and Status
The History of Foot-Binding • The practice was popular by the 12 th century • There are two stories as to how this tradition began • Foot-Binding was made illegal soon after the Chinese Revolution in 1911
The Foot-Binding Ritual • Began between the ages of 3 and 11 • Was performed by the girl’s mother or another female relative • Foot-binding usually took place in the fall and winter so the girl would feel less pain
The Foot-Binding Steps • 1. The girl’s toenails would be cut • 2. Her feet would be soaked in hot water • 3. Except for the big toe, all of her toes would be broken and folded under the foot • 4. Her feet would be wrapped tightly in silk or cotton bandages • 5. Every few days, the bandages would be taken off, the feet cleaned, and the feet wrapped even more tightly
Wrapping Bound Feet
Bound Feet
Bound Feet
• Wealth • Status • Beauty • Marriage WHY WERE FEET BOUND?
Beauty • A three-inch-long foot, called a “golden lotus, ” was considered beautiful • Feet this size would be able to fit into the delicate and beautiful shoes made for bound feet
Marriage, Status, and Wealth • Having bound feet made it difficult to walk, and so a man who had a wife with bound feet looked as if he had so much money and status that his wife did not need to work
A typical junk ship from Technology and Industry the Song Dynasty • Porcelain (“Chinaware”) • Increase of iron production due to use of coke, not coal, in furnaces – Agricultural tools, weaponry • Gunpowder invented • Earlier printing techniques refined – Moveable type by mid-11 th century – Yet complex Chinese ideographs make wood block technique easier • Naval technology – compass
Emergence of a Market Economy • Letters of credit developed to deal with copper coin shortages – Promissory notes, checks also used • Development of independently produced paper money – Not as stable, riots when not honored • Government claims monopoly on money production in 11 th century
China and the Hemispheric Economy • Increasingly cosmopolitan nature of Chinese cities • Chinese silk opens up trade routes, but increases local demands for imported luxury goods
Cultural Change in Tang and Song China • Declining confidence in Confucianism after collapse of Han dynasty • Increasing popularity of Buddhism • Christianity, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam also appear • Clientele primarily foreign merchant class
Dunhuang • Mahayana Buddhism especially popular at Dunhuang in western China (Gansu province), 600 -1000 CE – Cave temples • Buddhist temples, libraries • Economic success as converts donate land holdings • Increase popularity through donations of agricultural produce to the poor
Conflicts with Chinese Culture • Buddhism: – Text-based (Buddhist teachings) • Emphasis on Metaphysics • Ascetic ideal – Celibacy – Isolation • Confucianism: – Text-based (Confucian teachings) – Daoism not textbased • Emphasis on ethics, politics • Family-centered – Procreation – Filial piety
Neo-Confucianism • Song dynasty refrains from persecuting Buddhists, but favors Confucians • Neo-Confucians influenced by Buddhist thought – Syncretic blend of both faiths
Chan (Zen) Buddhism • Buddhists adapt ideology to Chinese climate – Dharma translated as dao – Nirvana translated as wuwei • Accommodated family lifestyle – “one son in monastery for ten generations of salvation” • Limited emphasis on textual study, meditation instead
Persecution of Buddhists • Daoist/Confucian persecution supported in late Tang dynasty • 840 s begins systematic closure of Buddhist temples, expulsions – Zoroastrians, Christians, Manicheans as well • Economic motive: seizure of large monastic landholdings • Limits growth but does not eradicate faiths
- 618 ce
- 1300 + 500
- How did the sui dynasty affect daily life in china
- 618 ce
- The han dynasty inventions
- Sui dynasty philosophy
- Where was the sui dynasty located
- Period of disunion
- Whats the dynastic cycle
- How was china reunited under the sui dynasty
- Imt 589
- Kpk 4 dan 5
- Achievements of the tang and song dynasties
- 1 618 liczba
- Proportia
- Stand like the brave
- 581 ad
- Fibonacci króliki
- 618-04065a
- Phi
- Kba compacta 618
- Sam junctional tourniquet axillary
- Song dynasty
- Zlatni presek crtezi
- Siad mi
- X-618
- 618 ce
- The ruler of the land 618
- Dow teorisi
- Sui tang song
- Did french revolution succeed
- How to succeed
- Why did roanoke fail and jamestown succeed
- Mao
- Political wish new
- Success noun verb adjective adverb
- Count read succeed
- Foxxymolly
- Số nguyên là gì
- Fecboak
- Các châu lục và đại dương trên thế giới
- Thế nào là hệ số cao nhất
- Tư thế worm breton
- Hệ hô hấp