The Inductive Method Deductive Method Scientific Method Particular

• The Inductive Method • Deductive Method • Scientific Method

• • • Particular concept: 1+1=2 1+3=4 1+5=6 3+5=8

• Sum of two odd numbers is even

• • • a 2 x a 3 = (a x a) x (a x a) = a 5 = a 2+3 a 3 x a 4 = (a x a) x (a x a x a) = a 7 = a 3+4 Therefore am x an = (axax…. m times)x(axa …n times) am x an = a m+n

• • Particular concept: 12 = 1 32 = 9 52 = 25 equation 1 22 = 4 42 = 16 62 = 36 Equation 2 General concept: From equation 1 and 2, we get Square of an odd number is odd Square of an even number is even.

conclusion • Square of an odd number is odd and square of an even number is even.

• Applicability of inductive method • Inductive approach is most suitable where Ø Rules are to be formulated Ø Definitions are be formulated Ø Formulae are to be derived Ø Generalizations or law are to be arrived at.

INDUCTIVE & DEDUCTIVE RESEARCH APPROACH By: Shagufta Shaheen

Definition • INDUCTIVE: Inductive teaching (also called discovery teaching or inquiry teaching) is based on the claim that knowledge is build primarily from a learner’s experiences and interactions with phenomena.

Definition • DEDUCTIVE Deductive teaching (also called direct instruction) is much less “constructively” and is based on the idea that a highly structured presentation of content creates optimal learning for students.

Research Methods In research, we often refer to the two broad methods of reasoning as the deductive and inductive approaches. Research Types Deductive Approach Inductive Approach

Inductive teaching Ø An instructor using an inductive approach begins by exposing students to a concrete instance, or instances, of a concept. Ø The teacher’s role is to create the opportunities and the context in which students can successfully make the appropriate generalizations, and to guide students necessary.

Deductive Teaching Ø. The instructor using a deductive approach typically presents a general concept by first defining it and then providing examples or illustrations that demonstrate the idea. Ø Students are given opportunities to practice, with instructor guidance and feed back.

Example of Inductive Teaching Using the grammar situation, the teacher would present the students with a variety of examples for a given concept without giving any introduction about how the concept is used. As students see how the concept is used, it is hoped that they will notice how the concept is to be used and determine the grammar rule. As a conclusion to the activity, the teacher can ask the students to explain the grammar rule as a final check that they understand the concept.

Example of Deductive Teaching A deductive approach to instruction is a more teacher-centered approach. This means that the teacher gives the students a new concept, explains it, and then has the students practice using the concept. For example, when teaching a new grammar concept, the teacher will introduce the concept, explain the rules related to its use, and finally the students will practice using the concept in a variety of different ways.

Advantages • Inductive Ø Students may draw approaches Ø Inductive approach can increase the creativity Ø Inductive approach showed better long-term retention ability Ø Meet the challenges of the new world

Advantages • Deductive Ø Some educators have suggested that deductive teaching can be critically important for students with learning disabilities Ø Some learn best through a deductive approach. Ø Deductive learners like to have the general principles identified

Disadvantages • INDUCTIVE: Ø. Students may draw other meaning from the examples Ø The inductive approach may also take more time and be less “efficient” then a deductive approach Ø certain ideas do not lend themselves easily to an inductive-teaching

Disadvantages • DEDUCTIVE Ø It doesn’t allow for divergent student thinking. Ø It also doesn’t emphasize students reasoning and problem solving. Ø Deductive approach can not increase the creativities.

CONCLUSION Ø Both deductive and inductive teaching approaches should be included in all courses. Ø Each offers advantages to students with different learning strengths and motivations. Ø Varying the approach to teaching content can help to reach diverse learning needs.

Scientific Method Who uses it? What is it? Why should I care?

Everyone uses it everyday. • Yes Even You!!!!!

It is a way to solve problems. Do you have any problems to solve? • Any big or any small ones?

Any of these sound familiar? • • • Where are My Shoes? What should I have for lunch? What class do I have next? Did I do my homework for that class? What is the cure for cancer? Which deodorant works the longest?

There are six steps to the Scientific Method. • • • 1. . Observations a. Problem b. Information 2. Hypothesis 3. Experiment 4. Conclusion

By following these steps in order you will learn about your question. • Notice the IN ORDER part. It is very important.

Problem *This is the question that you are trying to answer or problem that you are trying to solve. *Try to narrow it down and be very specific.

Information • gather data about your question. books magazines reports experts your past experiences

Hypothesis • -an educated guess • -a prediction based on data • -what you think the answer is based upon your gathered information

Experiment • This is broken into 2 parts, materials and procedure. • Materials is a list of equipment that you will need for the experiment. • Procedure is a list of instructions that you need to follow for the experiment.

Observations • Collection of information and data from the experiment. • It may be charts, graphs, or written work. • This is WHAT HAPPENED!!!!!

Conclusion • What did you find the answer to the question was? • It is OK if it turns out that your hypothesis was not correct. You learned!!!!!

Report your findings • One of the most important parts of the scientific method is to report to others your findings. • You will help others learn.