Unraveling the mystery of Inductive Deductive Arguments An

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Unraveling the mystery of Inductive & Deductive Arguments An Introduction • What is an

Unraveling the mystery of Inductive & Deductive Arguments An Introduction • What is an Argument? • What is the difference between an Inductive and Deductive Argument? • How is this difference related to research?

Sherlockian or Holmesian deduction “It is a capital mistake to theorise before you have

Sherlockian or Holmesian deduction “It is a capital mistake to theorise before you have all the evidence. It biases the judgment. ” “The temptation to form premature theories upon insufficient data is the bane of our profession. ” “Data!” he cried impatiently. “I can't make bricks without clay. ”

What is an Argument? �More �A than an assertion series of statements offering reasons

What is an Argument? �More �A than an assertion series of statements offering reasons and evidence that support an assertion.

3 Parts of an Argument � Premises – statements of assumed fact that support

3 Parts of an Argument � Premises – statements of assumed fact that support a conclusion � Inferences Premises Inferences Conclusio n – the reasoning parts of the argument that link the premises with the conclusion � Conclusion – what is drawn from the premises and inferences

Example of an assertion: How could Holmes have created an argument to support this

Example of an assertion: How could Holmes have created an argument to support this assertion? Upon observing Watson’s scraped shoes, Holmes tells his friend that he has “a most clumsy and careless servant girl. ”

Example of an argument • The leather on Watson’s shoe has several cuts in

Example of an argument • The leather on Watson’s shoe has several cuts in it • The cuts were caused by someone scraping the Premises shoe • If someone cut his shoes while scraping them, s/he must be careless and clumsy • A doctor would have a servant girl who scrapes Inferences his shoes • Watson’s servant girl must be careless and Conclusio clumsy n

Deductive & Inductive Arguments � Deduction ◦ Logically demonstrating that a particular principle is

Deductive & Inductive Arguments � Deduction ◦ Logically demonstrating that a particular principle is true. ◦ Draws on previous knowledge ◦ Starting point is a set of concepts or a conceptual scheme ◦ “Theory-driven” ◦ “Top-down” � Induction ◦ Developing a general principle from specific cases and observations. ◦ Part of the discovery process ◦ Starting point is the observation of specific cases ◦ “Data-driven” ◦ “Bottom-up”

Deductive & Inductive Arguments � Deduction ◦ Logically demonstrating that a particular principle is

Deductive & Inductive Arguments � Deduction ◦ Logically demonstrating that a particular principle is true. ◦ Draws on previous knowledge ◦ Starting point is a set of concepts or a conceptual scheme ◦ “Theory-driven” ◦ “Top-down” � Induction ◦ Developing a general principle from specific cases and observations. ◦ Part of the discovery process ◦ Starting point is the observation of specific cases ◦ “Data-driven” ◦ “Bottom-up”

Deductive & Inductive Arguments � Deduction ◦ Logically demonstrating that a particular principle is

Deductive & Inductive Arguments � Deduction ◦ Logically demonstrating that a particular principle is true. ◦ Draws on previous knowledge ◦ Starting point is a set of concepts or a conceptual scheme ◦ “Theory-driven” ◦ “Top-down” � Induction ◦ Developing a general principle from specific cases and observations. ◦ Part of the discovery process ◦ Starting point is the observation of specific cases ◦ “Data-driven” ◦ “Bottom-up”

Deductive & Inductive Arguments � Deduction ◦ Logically demonstrating that a particular principle is

Deductive & Inductive Arguments � Deduction ◦ Logically demonstrating that a particular principle is true. ◦ Draws on previous knowledge ◦ Starting point is a set of concepts or a conceptual scheme ◦ “Theory-driven” ◦ “Top-down” � Induction ◦ Developing a general principle from specific cases and observations. ◦ Part of the discovery process ◦ Starting point is the observation of specific cases ◦ “Data-driven” ◦ “Bottom-up”

Deductive & Inductive Arguments � Deduction ◦ Logically demonstrating that a particular principle is

Deductive & Inductive Arguments � Deduction ◦ Logically demonstrating that a particular principle is true. ◦ Draws on previous knowledge ◦ Starting point is a set of concepts or a conceptual scheme ◦ “Theory-driven” ◦ “Top-down” � Induction ◦ Developing a general principle from specific cases and observations. ◦ Part of the discovery process ◦ Starting point is the observation of specific cases ◦ “Data-driven” ◦ “Bottom-up”

Deduction Induction Theory Hypothesis Observations Patterns Conclusions Observations Theory-Driven Research Grounded Theory

Deduction Induction Theory Hypothesis Observations Patterns Conclusions Observations Theory-Driven Research Grounded Theory

Example: Deduction Begins with a general concept � Every student in the class has

Example: Deduction Begins with a general concept � Every student in the class has a Facebook page. Sam is a student in the class. Therefore, Sam has a Facebook page. Ends with a very certain conclusion

Example: Induction Begins with a specific observation � Francine watches Fox News regularly. People

Example: Induction Begins with a specific observation � Francine watches Fox News regularly. People who are politically conservative usually enjoy watching Fox. Francine is probably politically conservative. Draws an uncertain but probable conclusion using informal or everyday argument

Example: Induction � Francine watches Fox News regularly. People who are politically conservative usually

Example: Induction � Francine watches Fox News regularly. People who are politically conservative usually enjoy watching Fox. Francine is probably politically conservative. Inference

Example: Induction � Francine watches Fox News regularly. People who are politically conservative usually

Example: Induction � Francine watches Fox News regularly. People who are politically conservative usually enjoy watching Fox. Francine is probably politically conservative. Draws an uncertain but probable conclusion using informal or everyday argument

Induction or Deduction? According to Social Cognitive Theory, people learn by watching what others

Induction or Deduction? According to Social Cognitive Theory, people learn by watching what others do. These “others” serve as models for behavior. This modeling can be interpersonal as well as mediated. Therefore, when Bobby watches his favorite characters on TV, the behaviors they model can influence his behavior. A. Induction B. Deduction

Induction or Deduction? �A sample of 200 students at a large northeastern university revealed

Induction or Deduction? �A sample of 200 students at a large northeastern university revealed that 175 students (87. 5%) have used their phones to text their friends during class. Thus, if you are teaching a class, you can expect close to 88% of your students to be texting while you’re teaching. A. Induction B. Deduction

Deduction & Induction: One or the other? � In practice, deduction often includes elements

Deduction & Induction: One or the other? � In practice, deduction often includes elements of induction and vice versa. ◦ Rooted in theoretical reflection � Both persuasive � Deductive arguments are “truthpreserving” � Inductive arguments open us to knew ideas and expand our knowledge � Work together

Scene of the Crime

Scene of the Crime