The Foundation of the American Nation Colonization and

The Foundation of the American Nation Colonization and Exploration of the North American Continent Goal 1. 01 & 1. 04

Early Exploration

England • England was one of the major powers in the 1700 s. • The English (British) empire was extending itself all around the globe. • England had interests in Africa, Asia, South America and North America (as well as Europe).

British Colonies in North America • Roanoke was the 1 st English colony in the new World (Virginia) est. 1585 (aka ‘Lost Colony’) • Jamestown was the 1 st permanent English colony in Virginia 1607. - Joint Stock Company • Colonies began forming all up and down the North American coastline.

British Colonies Continued • New England …Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island (NE colonies are examples of direct democracy…town meetings) • Middle Colonies …New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware • Southern Colonies …Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia • NE, Middle, and Southern Colonies were different in respect to land resources!

Southern Colonies ØMaryland ØVirginia ØNorth Carolina ØSouth Carolina ØGeorgia Middle Colonies ØNew York ØNew Jersey ØPennsylvania ØDelaware The New England ØMassachusetts ØNew Hampshire ØConnecticut ØRhode Island

Southern Colonies • The colonist lived among the Native Americans. They were able to show them haw to farm and live off the land • The southern colonies were the source of many natural resources…especially tobacco and cotton. • Labor (human work) was needed to help cultivate the land. • What did the southern colonies begin to use? ? ? ?

Social Structure ØIn the early years the labor supply came primarily from indentured servants. They agreed to work for a landowner for a period of four to seven years in return for passage to America, food, and housing. They became FREE after their time was served. ØIn the 1600 s an increased demand for labor in Europe reduced the number of people willing to emigrate. Slavery was born. Slaves were used to meet the demand for labor in the American colonies. ØIn the beginning they tried to use Native Americans, but they knew the land well and would run away. ØThey turned to another source….

The Institution of Slavery ØThe first slaves were brought to Jamestown, VA in 1619. Originally they were treated as indentured servants and some won their freedom. This changed QUICKLY, and soon all British colonies had slaves ØCheap labor ØCould survive the conditions ØThe highest concentration of slavery was in the South. Plantation system ØThe Slave Trade thrived. West Africans were kidnapped/P. O. Ws and forced onto ships that would carry them across the Atlantic Ocean ØThe Triangular Trade Route ØEurope ØWest Africa ØNorth America ØThe toughest part was called “The Middle Passage”

Slavery in the Southern Colonies The Middle Passage The Triangular Trade Route

Middle Passage/Slave Ships The Voyage from Africa to the Americas that slaves were forced to take.

E “Out Pluribus Unum of many…. One” • People from all around the globe were beginning to come to the Americas…many reasons including… – Religious freedom – Political freedom – Economic opportunities • When we come together as one group (Americans), we are demonstrating the Melting Pot Idea.

English Colonization • Since England had her fingers all around the world, problems quickly came about.

Economic Growth ØThe colonies operated under a system of Mercantilism: The British would use the colonist raw materials (Cheap prices) and then sell the products to other countries for more. ØExport more than you Import= Favorable balance of trade! Joint-Stock ØMost colonies ØInventing in the colony Proprietary Colonies > Single Ownership Four Classifications of Colonies Royal Charters ØKing granted ownership Self-governing ØAllowed to manage own affairs in the colonies Ø>Supervised by the “governor”

Life in the Colonies-politics ØIn New England, male landowning residents of a town would hold Town Meeting, this was one of the earliest forms of democracy. They decided on laws, policy, and action= Consent of the Governed

Life in the Colonies The difference in the regional geographic of the land played a huge difference in the was school was administered and looked upon. • Education: – Northern towns usually had a central school centered around the church – Southern towns were further apart and students did not regularly attend school, just worked on the farms. – Wealthy plantation owners had their children privately tutored.

Life in the Colonies-Religion many were coming to the new world for • religious freedom but Religion still had a huge impact in the people. Salem Witch Trials-in Massachusetts 1692 for people who did not conform with the church.

Salem Witch Trials-in Over 150 people were arrested and imprisoned Two courts convicted twenty-nine people of the capital felony of witchcraft - Nineteen of the accused, * fourteen women five men, were hanged * One man (Giles Corey) who refused to enter a plea was crushed to death under heavy stones in an attempt to force him to do so.

Life in the Colonies-Religion • First Great Awakening- religious movement that swept across the American colonies that said Americans needed a spiritual rebirth. • Nationalism-loyalty to a group – (i. e. your country)

Problems in the Colonies • When you have problems with someone what do you do? • Bacon’s Rebellion… High taxes and low tobacco prices also caused problems in the colonies. Nathaniel Bacon and his men burned Jamestown.

Region Geography Government & Economy Religion & Society - Coastal areas with good harbors. - Inland areas with dense forests. - Poor rocky soil & short growing season. - Small farms. - Lumber mills. - Fishing, Shipbuilding and Trade flourished. - Cities developed along coast. - Town meetings = examples of direct democracy - Most people organized as congregations. (Puritans) - Merchants controlled trade. - Artisans made goods, unskilled workers and slaves provided labor. - Education very important. - Schools centered around church. - Fertile soil and long growing season. - Rivers ran into backcountry. - Favorable climate and soil for agriculture. - Wide rivers made cities unnecessary. - Colonies grew large amounts of rye, oats, barley, potatoes & wheat as cash crops. “Breadbasket of America” - Cities on coast. - Tobacco, rice, cotton, & indigo grown on large plantations as cash crops. - Wealthiest people owned large farms & most business. - Most farmers produced a small surplus. - Tenant farmers rented land or worked for wages. - Religious diversity: Catholic, Quaker, Protestant - Wealthy elite controlled most land. - Labor supply: indentured servants & African slaves. - Religion: Anglican - Not much formal education because of large space between plantations.