THE AMERICAN PEOPLE CREATING A NATION AND A

THE AMERICAN PEOPLE CREATING A NATION AND A SOCIETY Seventh Edition Chapter 8 Currents of Change in the Northeast and the Old Northwest The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Currents of Change in the Northeast and the Old Northwest • • Economic Growth Early Manufacturing A New England Textile Town Factories on the Frontier Urban Life Rural Communities Conclusion: The Character of Progress The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Economic Growth The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Trans-Atlantic Economy • Industrial Revolution § Began in Britain § Initially focused on textiles • Britain becomes most powerful country • The model for industrialization The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Factors in Economic Development • Canal-building in the 1820 s and 1830 s § Erie Canal links New York City to interior • Railroads § Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 1928 § 30, 000 miles of track by 1850 • Transportation developments spur migration The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Finding Capital • Governments funded early projects § Usually state and local § Some federal • Property becomes an exploitable financial asset • Contract law defined § Dartmouth College v. Woodward § Sturges v. Crowninshield The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

A New Mentality • Entrepreneurial spirit § Constant experimentation, change § Inventions: harvester, revolver, rubber • Education § Massachusetts uses taxes to pay for schools § Horace Mann § Education in the service of business • Concurrently, concern with progress The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Industrialization • Putting-out system • Textiles § Often using child labor § Learned from English examples • Industrialization facilitated by transportation The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Industrialization (cont'd) • Lowell Mills in Waltham, Massachusetts § All stages in one operation § Becomes a prototype • Northeast changes, economically The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Environmental Consequences • Dams, canals change waterways • Wood required in abundance § Clearings as settlements move west • Coal becomes the major power source § Air pollution follows • Some awareness of environmental problems The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Early Manufacturing The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Changing Lifestyles • Spread of literacy: mass market § Magazines § Mc. Guffey readers • Greater availability of goods § Clocks, bringing a new work rhythm The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

A New Hampshire Printing Factory The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

A New England Textile Town The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Lowell, Massachusetts • Build in the 1920 s • Focused on hiring unmarried women § New independence § Usually worked prior to marriage § Lived in boardinghouses • Women organized labor, formed unions The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Lowell, Massachusetts (cont'd) • Immigration brings a new labor pool § Hard times in Europe, especially Ireland § Many Catholics The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Factories on the Frontier The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cincinnati • Becomes a major industrial center by 1840 • Men have a variety of work experiences § But loss of independence • Women § Many white women employed as “outworkers” • Black women often work in service • Unions formed § Hampered by ready pool of immigrant labor The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cincinnati and the Ohio River The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Urban Life The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Urban Life • By 1860 1 in 5 Americans live in cities • Cities represent new markets The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Urban Growth in 1820 and 1850 The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Process of Urbanization • Commercial Centers § Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, New York § Canals change commercial map • Mill towns § Lowell, Trenton, Wilmington • Transportation hubs § Louisville, Cleveland, St. Louis § Especially west of the Appalachians The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Class Structure • Concentration of wealth § 4% of the population holds 60% of wealth § Upward mobility dampens any animosity • Middle class § Desire for white collar work • Constant supply of new manual laborers The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

African Americans in Philadelphia The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Working Class • Slums § Mobility weakened sense of community • High rates of family violence § Men not always the main or sole support § Women more independent The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Middle-Class Life and Ideals • Women’s domestic role changes § Their work no longer crucial § Housekeepers, not producers • Men often work in a separate world • Idea of separate spheres § Women ascribed a moral role The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Middle-Class Life and Ideals (cont'd) • New ideas of childhood § New ideas of discipline § Children’s fiction The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Sargent Family, 1800 The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Henry Darby, “Reverend John Atwood and His Family, ” 1845 The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Mounting Urban Tensions • Mob violence § Often spurred by racial and ethnic animosity § Often blacks and Irish compete for jobs • Skilled workers resent mechanization • Police forces slowly developing The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Black Underclass • Slavery disappearing in North § But equality not assured § Legally disenfranchised • Separate, parallel communities • Immigration pushes blacks from many jobs • Old Northwest § Racism moves west with settlement The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Rural Communities The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Farming in the East • Many older New England farms abandoned • Railroads transformed farming, diets • Agriculture increasingly seen as a science § Productivity increased after a long decline The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Preparing for Market The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Frontier Families • • • Economic boom Transportation links interior to coast Grain producers: Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa No longer the frontier by 1860 Some capital needed to start a farm The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Conclusion: The Character of Progress The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Conclusion: The Character of Progress • Urbanization • Cycles of expansion and recession • Divergent paths in the North and South § King Cotton and slave labor § Industrialization and wage labor The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Timeline The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.