THE COLONIES NORTHERN NEW ENGLAND MIDDLE AND SOUTHERN

THE COLONIES NORTHERN (NEW ENGLAND), MIDDLE, AND SOUTHERN COLONIES

EUROPEAN CLAIMS TO THE “NEW WORLD”

THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST

COLONIES & CHARTERS • Colony: a group of people in one place who are ruled by a parent country elsewhere • Charter: a written document granting land the authority to set up a government

PROPRIETARY - LAND WAS GIVEN TO INDIVIDUALS OR SMALL GROUPS CHARTER - LAND WAS GIVEN TO BUSINESSES ROYAL - LAND WAS OWNED BY THE KING

WHY SETTLE IN THE COLONIES? • Economic motivations: • Overpopulation in England caused agriculture to diminish and there were less job opportunities for the English

• Religious Persecution: • Henry VIII established the Church of England as the official religion of England. • This made it very difficult for other religious groups to practice religion, including Puritans and Catholics. • Great Puritan Migration: 1625 -1628

LIST OF COLONIES

SOUTHERN COLONIES • Maryland • Virginia • North Carolina • South Carolina • Georgia

MARYLAND • Maryland was founded as a haven for Catholics and named after Queen Mary. • The assembly of the Maryland colony created the Maryland Toleration Act, protecting the rights of Catholics in Maryland, • although England was not in support of this decision.

VIRGINIA • Jamestown was founded in 1607 by the British as a tobacco town. • Jamestown was the very first permanent European settlement in present-day America. • Through hard times, John Smith save the colony with his “don’t work, don’t eat” policy.

NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA • The Carolinas were founded as one unit, Carolina, in the 1660’s. • A charter from Charles II allowed for the creation of the colony. • The north was more democratic while the south was economically more advanced with a greater focus on plantations.

GEORGIA • Georgia was originally founded by James Oglethorpe in the 1730’s as a prison state and a buffer between the British settlements and Spanish Florida. • Oglethorpe wanted to reform the prison system by offering prisoners opportunities for redemption.

SOUTHERN COLONIES • The southern colonies had an economy focused on the plantation (large farm) model. • Plantations produced Cash Crops— • plants grown for profit, not subsistence (cotton, tobacco, etc. )

THEREFORE, POPULATION IN THE SOUTH WAS MORE SPREAD OUT

RURAL

FARMERS SPECIALIZED IN RAISING A SINGLE CASH CROP (GROWN FOR SALE RATHER THAN FARMER’S USE)

• Wealthy Planters and Landowners dominated the economic, social and political life in the South. • The South’s system of plantations demanded more workers than immigration and indentured servants provided.

WORKFORCE • Originally, Southern Colonies used Indentured Servants to work on plantations and farms. • Indentured Servants agreed to work for planters in the colonies in exchange for passage to America.

• Generally, Indentured Servants would serve for a predetermined number of years (10, 20, 30 years) • and then gain freedom at the end of that time.

• Eventually, African Slaves became the primary source of plantation labor. • African Slaves served lifelong terms and did not choose to come to the colonies.

THE MIDDLE PASSAGE • African Slave traders from the West Coast of Africa captured other Africans from the interior of Africa.

• Only one half of Slaves survived the forced migration from their homes to the West Coast of Africa. • African Slave Traders gave Slaves to the Europeans in exchange for weapons and other goods.

• It is estimated that one third of slaves starting the Middle Passage died en route to the Americas. • These deaths were caused by unclean conditions, disease, and lack of food and clean water.

WHY DID COLONISTS IMPORT SLAVES?

TRIANGULAR TRADE • The Slave trade served as one branch of the Triangular Trade. • The triangular trade exported resources from the colonies to Europe. • Exported manufactured goods from Europe to Africa, and exported Slaves from Africa to the Americas.

TRIANGULAR TRADE

NEW ENGLAND COLONIES • New Hampshire • Massachusetts • Connecticut • Rhode Island

NEW ENGLAND • A diversified economy developed in the North • A focus on trade, shipbuilding, furs, fishing, and iron production. • Industries led to a growth of cities and the problems associated with cities: • Sanitation • Overcrowding

• Merchants and Business Owners were the most powerful members of society. • The Puritans in the New England Colonies were less tolerant of other religious groups.

• Rocky Soil and cold weather prevented heavy farming in New England. • Instead, settlers only had small subsistence farms.

Massachusetts • Pilgrims founded Plymouth in 1620 and other Puritans founded Boston in 1630. • Massachusetts was a theocracy—religious beliefs served as law and religious leaders had the most authority

Rhode Island • Rhode Island was founded by Roger Williams as a haven for the Baptists. • Roger Williams advocated for fair treatment of the Native Americans and some religious tolerance. • After he and Anne Hutchinson were expelled from Massachusetts for their religious beliefs.

Connecticut • New Haven, Connecticut was founded by Thomas Hooker after he left Massachusetts in search of more freedom • Residents of Connecticut formed the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, effectively the first Constitution in the western world

New Hampshire • New Hampshire broke away from Massachusetts

PLYMOUTH COLONY AND PURITAN BELIEFS

PURITANS FOLLOWED THE BELIEFS OF JOHN CALVIN

CALVINIST BELIEFS *God is omniscient, omnipresent, and omnipotent *God has determined man’s fate at the instant of creation (“predestination”) *Man inherits the “Original Sin” – not just a lack of goodness, but a positive force that pushes us to sin. *The “Elect” have been “saved” and have received God’s grace. The Elect will go to heaven. *The rest of mankind are “reprobates” and have been denied God’s grace. They will burn for eternity in the fires of hell.

THE PURITANS SAW THEMSELVES AS MEMBERS OF THE ELECT The Elect: Reprobates: *Diligence: Work hard *Do not go to church *Perseverance *Give in to their sexual desires *Achieve Material $ucce$$ *Frugal & Thrifty: Save your money! *Regular church attendance *Self-discipline: Control over the desires of the flesh *Gamble *Consume Alcohol *Dance *Spend money lavishly *Are Lazy (slovenly)

JONATHAN EDWARDS

“SINNERS IN THE HANDS OF AN ANGRY GOD” Jonathan Edwards believed that the community should be centered on the fear of God.

• John Winthrop argued that Puritans should have a community centered on brotherly love and help each other in times of need.

JOHN WINTHROP *Helped found Boston and the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 *Massachusetts Bay Colony was the first major colony in New England after Plymouth *Served as governor for 12 of the first 20 years of existence

“A MODEL OF CHRISTIAN CHARITY” *A sermon by John Winthrop *Delivered either before or during the crossing on the flagship Arbella in 1630 (part of an 11 ship fleet carrying 700 puritan migrants to Massachusetts) *Described the ideas and plans to keep the Puritan society strong in faith *Used the now famous phrase "City upon a Hill" to describe the ideals to which the colonists should strive, and that consequently "the eyes of all people are upon us. "

CITY ON A HILL Matthew 5: 14: “Ye are a light of the world. A city that is set on a hill, cannot be hid. ” John Winthrop referred to Boston as a city on a hill and referenced this passage from the Bible.

• Winthrop believed that the new colony of Massachusetts would be looked up to by the rest of the world • and would serve as an example for the rest of the world.

• This is the first reference to the concept of American Exceptionalism. • This is the belief that America is different from and better than everywhere else in the world.

AMERICAN PRESIDENTS HAVE REFERRED TO AMERICA AS A CITY ON A HILL

CITY ON A HILL John F Kennedy Ronald Reagan

PRESIDENT OBAMA HAS ALSO IMPLIED THAT AMERICA IS DIFFERENT AND SPECIAL FROM OTHER COUNTRIES

THE MAYFLOWER COMPACT & DIRECT DEMOCRACY

• The Pilgrims travelling on the Mayflower created the Mayflower Compact. • The Mayflower Compact established that 41 Puritan men would create the laws for the community.

• This is the first example of a European direct democracy in the New World.

A direct democracy – the PEOPLE THEMSELVES govern the community

In a direct democracy, there are no elected officials who govern the community

Members of the community meet together in order to determine the policies and laws for the community

DIRECT DEMOCRACY – STILL PRACTICED IN NEW ENGLAND SMALL TOWNS

TOWN MEETING… HTTPS: //WWW. YOUTUBE. COM/WATCH? V=3 OMZH_ 1 W 1 MS&LIST=PLG 2 UGTXH 97 DGTBGVZRTSMN 9 D PHAG 02 I 0 F&INDEX=114&NOREDIRECT=1

Direct democracy is a legacy of the Mayflower Compact

MIDDLE COLONIES • New York • Pennsylvania • New Jersey • Delaware

MIDDLE COLONIES • The Middle Colonies had the most fertile soil in 13 colonies. • They were referred to as the Bread Basket Colonies because many different types of grain were produced in the area.

• Immigration in 1700’s led to a diverse population. • Haven for religious minorities: • Quakers • Methodists • Moravians

MIDDLE COLONIES Pennsylvania • Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn, a Quaker seeking religious freedom. • He founded Philadelphia in 1682. Non-Quakers were allowed to live in Pennsylvania and practice their religion freely.

DELAWARE • Delaware was founded by Swedes and taken over by Pennsylvania so Pennsylvania could have access to the Atlantic. Ocean.

NEW YORK • Originally New Amsterdam (Dutch), • New York was taken over by the British Duke of York and renamed New York.

NEW JERSEY • The land of New Jersey was granted to two proprietors. • One of those proprietors was from Jersey and named the land New Jersey.

COLONIES COMPARED TO ENGLAND • Better off economically • Higher standard of living • More religious and political freedom • More economic opportunity • Same rights as the British (as stated in the Jamestown Charter) • 3000 miles away from home