The Chinese water deer Hydropotinae Presenter Solomon Faji

The Chinese water deer Hydropotinae Presenter Solomon Faji

l Figure 1 Chinese water deer

Figure 2 Chinese water deer

Questions l What is their taxonomy, general characteristics, ontogeny and reproduction, ecological and behavior, distribution, conservation status, habitat, lifespan, and how evolution evolve with in this creature and related species.

Key Terms Ungulates: Animals with hooves. Perrisodactyls: Hoof made up of a single toe Artiodactyl: Hooves made up of tow toes New world deer or Telenmetacarpalia: the deer that evolved in North America. Old World deer or Plesiometacarpalia: the deer that evolved in Asia Cetartiodactyla: A large sea creature or whale, combined with complete, of numbers even; a finger or toe

General Characteristics l Body Length: 75 -100 cm 2. 5 -3. 3 ft. l Shoulder height: 45 -55 cm. / 18 -22 in. l Tail Length: 6 -7. 5 cm / 2. 4 -3 in. l Weight: 9 -14 kg/ 20 -31 lb.

General Characteristics l l l The coat is an overall golden brown color. The coarse hair is grows longer on the flaks and rump. Young are born dark brown with whit stripes and spots along their upper torso. The ears are short and very rounded. The rare legs are much more powerful than the forelegs. The canines of males grow into formidable tusks up to 8 cm/ 3. 8 inches in length.

Ontogeny and Reproduction l Gestation period: 180 -210 days. l Young per Birth: 1 -3, occasionally up to 4 or even 8. l Sexual Maturity: Females at 7 -8 months, males at 5 -6 months. l Life span: 10 -12 years.

Ecology and Behavior l Active in the morning and evening, they hide in dense vegetation for the rest of the day. l If disturbed, they will flees in a series of rabbit- like hops. l They are also excellent swimmer and may swim several kilometers when travelling in search of food and shelter.

Ecology and Behavior If alarmed, they will bark as warning. l Males are extremely territorial and mark their ranges with dung piles, as well as by rubbing their glandless foreheads against trees. That means this territory is very well defended, with all rival males being attacked on sight. l Family groups: Solitary, sometimes in pairs. l Diet : Grasses, reeds, vegetables l

Distribution l Swamp, open grass lands in China and Korea. l Conservation Status. The Chinese water deer is a law risk, near threatened species.

Development and diversification of modern families of even-toed ungulates.

Evolution and systematics l l l The beginning of the Tertiary epoch marked the beginning of ungulates that came from order Condylarthra ancestors. This gave rise to the Eparctocyon line, which includes the recent order Artiodactyla. In late Eocene or early Oligocene epochs, the Lophiomeryx appeared. It was a ruminant, called "gelocid, " which possessed an efficient and compact ankle, small side toes, complicated premolars, and almost completely covered mastoid bone.

Evolution and systematics In late Eocene or early Oligocene epochs it split off into four families, one including Dicrocerus (early Miocene) with the first antlers (similar to living muntjacs). Cervids arose later from Palaeomerycid ancestry during the Oligocene epoch. l The subfamily Hydropotina (Chinese water deer Hydropotes inermis ) belongs within the family Cervidae. The Cervidae is described as deer where the males possess bony antlers that molt annually, except in the Chinese water deer, and where the females lack antlers, except in the reindeer. l

The first known member of the order of Aritiodactyla.

Deer Taxonomy There are two main types of Ungulate. l Those animals that Perrisodactyl or single toed. l Those ungulates which have made up of two toes are called Artiodactyl species, and including the sheep, goats, antelope, cattle and deer. l Within the Ungulate order of animals species are grouped together into separate families, all the species in a certain family are similar to each other or share a specific characteristic or feature l

Deer Taxonomy l l The Deer belong to the Cervidae family of ungulates. The one feature that unites all the members of the deer family is the possession of antlers. All deer species, except for the Chinese Water Deer, have antlers. The Chinese Water Deer is thought to have once had antlers but to have lost them through their evolutionary history. Deer also share a number of other characteristics such as having a relatively advanced form of rumination, and having long legs that are specially adapted to fast running and which contain a cannon bone.

Deer Taxonomy l There are tow separate lines of evolution within the Deer or Cervidae family l One group of deer evolved in North America, while the other groups centre of evolution was in Asia. l The difference between these two groups of deer can be seen in the metacarpal bones of the remnant 2 nd and 5 th toes of the foot.

Deer Taxonomy l While the New World deer meddle parts of the lateral metacarpal are reduced; and posterior portion of the nasal cavity is divided into two chambers. l The Old World deer are characterized by the retention of both distal and proximal parts of the metacarpals.

Deer Taxonomy Although they evolved in these separate parts of the world, some species from both groups have spread into different parts of the world, so that for example although the Red Deer is an old world Deer it is now also found in America. l There are 4 subfamilies of deer, and the Odocoilinae are Telenmetacarpalia or New World Deer, and the Muntiacinae, Hydropotinae and the cervinae are Plesiometacarpalia or the Old World Deer. l

Deer Taxonomy l The species within the Muntiacinae and the Hydroptinae subfamilies are all very similar to each other. l These deer all have small rounded bodies and short thin legs. l The Cervinae subfamily co contains deer that are medium sized with long slender legs and long thin bodies

Deer Taxonomy The antlers are often comely and branching in males l For example the elk is the largest of all deeer and lives on the open plains of the northern tundra, while the small Southern Pudu is the smallest species of deer and lives amongst the forests of mountainsides. l There are roughly about 40 species of deer. l

Here is a list of all the world's deer species in taxonomic order. Family : Cervidae l Subfamily Hydropotinae Chinese Water Deer Hydroptes inermis l

Subfamily Muntiacine l *Bornean Yellow Muntjac Muntiacus atherodes *Black Muntjac Muntiacus crinifrons *Fea's Muntjac Muntiacus feae *Gong Shan Muntjac Muntiacus gongshanensis *Indian Muntjac Muntiacus muntjac

Subfamily Muntiacine l *Leaf Muntjac Muntiacus putaoensis *Reeves' Muntjac Muntiacus reevesi *Truong Son Muntjac Muntiacus trungsonensis *Giant Muntjac Muntiacus vuquangensis *Tufted Deer Elaphodus cephalophus

Subfamily Cervinae l *Thorold's Deer Cervus albirostris *Visayan Spotted Deer Cervus alfredi *Barasingha Cervus duvaucelii *Red Deer Cervus elaphus *Thamin Cervus eldii *Philippine Brown Deer Cervus mariannus *Sika Deer Cervus nippon *Schomburgk's Deer Cervus schomburgki (extinct)

Subfamily Cervinae l *Schomburgk's Deer Cervus schomburgki (extinct) *Rusa Cervus timorensis *Sambar Cervus unicolor *Chital Axis axis *Calamian Deer Axis calamianensis *Bawean Deer Axis kuhlii

Subfamily Cervinae l *Hog Deer Axis porcinus *Père David's Deer Elaphurus davidianus *Fallow Deer Dama dama *Mesopotanian Fallow Deer Dama mesopotamica

Subfamily Odocoilinae l *Roe Deer Capreolus capreolus *Siberian Roe Deer Capreolus pygargus *Moose (Elk) Alces alces *Mule Deer Odocoileus hemionus *White-tailed Deer Odocoileus virginianus *Pampas Deer Ozotoceros bezoarticus *Red Brocket Mazama americana *Merioa Brocket Mazama bricenii *Dwarf Brocket Mazama chunyi

Subfamily Odocoilinae l *Grey Brocket Mazama gouazoupira *Pygmy Brocket Mazama nana *Yucatan Brown Brocket Mazama pandora *Little Red Brocket Mazama rufina *Northern Pudu mephistophiles *Southern Pudu pudu *Marsh Deer Blastocerus dichotomus*

Subfamily Odocoilinae l *Peruvian Guemal Hippocamelus *antisensis *Chilean Guemal Hippocamelus bisulcus *Caribou/ Reindeer Rangifer tarandus

Classification l Kingdom: Animalia l Phylum: Chordata l Class: Mammalia l Order: Artiodactyla l Family: Cervidae l Subfamily: Hydropotinae l Genus: Hydropotes

The Cetartiodactyl Family Tree

The Cervid Family Tree

The Hydropotinae Family Tree

Hydropotes inermis Chinese water deer

According to cytogenetic and genome research l The species-specific profile and cntromeric heterochromatin localization of satellite DNA in mammalian genomes imply that satellite DNA may play an important role in mammalian karyotyp evolution and speciation.

According to cytogenetic and genome research l A satellite III DNA family, CCsat. III was thought to be specific to roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). In their study however, this satellite DNA family was found also to exist in Chinese water deer ( Hydropotes inermis) by PCR-Southern screening

According to cytogenetic and genome research l Also in the structure of their skulls, brains, appendages, genetics, and the spotting pattern of their fawn, Chinese deer are closely related to the European roe deer and muse of the new world deer subfamily.

In several molecular studies l Hydropotes has allied closely with the roe deer (Capreolus: Capreolinae). Several morphological studies have also suggested that the water deer may in fact be an advanced deer that has secondarily evolved primitive characters.

Several features shared by roe deer and the water deer. l could be explained by a common evolutionary past. l Both genera have a telemetacarpal foot structure (as do all members of the Capreolinae), are cold tolerant, and inhabit temperate regions rather than tropical ones ( as one would expect from primitive cervids

A common evolutionary past. l While the ancestors of roe deer migrated into Asia from North America, the water deer has typically been seen as a historically Asian species. However, the distribution of Hydropotes in eastern Asia might be explained by a similar migration from the new world, the center of Caprelinae evolution.

Artistic representation of the heads of late tertiary.

Chinese water deer (Hydropotes inermis)

Idea of future research l Since Hydropotes inermis (Chinese water deer) and roe deer (Capreolus: Capreolinae) are closely related, why the Chinese water deer found only in China and Korea.

Work Cited l C. C. Linª Y. C. Li ^b. Chromosomal distribution and organization and l l http: //content. karger. com/Produkte. DB/produkte. asp? Doi=93331 F. yang, P. C. M. O’ Brein¹, J. Wienberg¹, H. Neitzel², C. C. Line³ and M. A. Ferguson-Smith¹. Chromosomal evolution of the Chinese muntjac ( Mutiacus reevesi). (1) Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, (CB 2 1 QP, UK, (2) Institute of Human Genetics, Virchow- Klinik, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany. (3) Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Cromosoma (1997) 106: 37 -43 http: //www. springerlink. com/content/ladte 7 hw 4 jgkgkf 6/ l l l organization of three cervid satellite DNAs in Chinese water deer ( hydropotes inermis). Cytogenet Genome Res 114 -147 -154 (2006)

Work Cited l Jie Hu, ¹´² Sheng- Guo Fang, ¹`³ and Qiu- Hong Wan¹. Genetic Diversity of Chines Water Deer ( Hydropotes inermis): Implications for Conservation. Biochemical Genetics, Vol. 44, April 2006. l http: //www. find-health-articles. com/rec_pub_16691433 -geneticdiversity-chinese-water-deer-hydropotes-inermis. htm l Michael M. Miyamoto, Fred Kraus, and Oliver A. Ryder. Phylogeny and evolution of antlered deer determined from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; and Research Department, Zoological Society of San Diego, CA 92112. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. Vol. 87, pp. 6127 - 6131), August 1990 Evolution. l http: //www. pubmedcentral. nih. gov/articlerender. fcgi? artid=54485

Work Cited Lowell K. Halls. 1984. White-Tailed Deer. A wildlife Management Institute Book. Washington, DC. pp. 2 -37. l Shengguo Fangª´b’*, Qiuhong Wanª’b. Agenetic fingerprinticg tes l for identifying carcasses of protected deer species in China. Biological Conservation 103 (2002) 371 -373. http: //www. sciencedirect. com/science? _ob=MImg&_imagekey=B 6 V 5 X-44 N 9 NCJ-D 3&_cdi=5798&_user=768496&_orig=search&_cover. Date=03%2 F 31 %2 F 2002&_sk=998969996&view=c&wchp=d. GLb. Vlbz. Skzk&md 5=96481 c 324667 bc 42 de 3 b 84 b 9 cdc 1 da 60&ie=/sdarticle. p df l Y. -C. Li· Y. –M. Cheng · L. J. Hsieh · O. A. Ryder · Karyotypic l evolution of a novel cervied satellite DNA family isolated by microdissection from the Indian muntjac Y-chromosome. l http: //www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/15827746