Testing dan Implementasi Sistem materi 4 StateTransition Testing

Testing dan Implementasi Sistem materi 4

State-Transition Testing Example in Reservation system 2

State-Transition Testing Example Ø State-Transition diagrams are an excellent tool to capture certain types of system requirements and to document internal system design. Ø These diagrams document the events that come into and are processed by a system as well as the system's responses. 3

Reservation system example 1 - Make a reservation Ø Provide information including departure and destination cities, dates, and times. Ø A reservation agent uses that information to make a reservation. Ø At that point, the Reservation is in the Made state. The system creates and starts a timer. Ø If this timer expires before the reservation is paid for, the reservation is cancelled by the system. 4

The Reservation is Made give. Info, is an event that comes into the system from the outside world. The command after the "/" denotes an action of the system; in this case start. Pay. Timer. 5

2 - Pay for the Reservation - Pay. Money The Reservation transitions to the Paid state. Events may have parameters associated with them. For example, Pay Money may indicate Cash, Check, Debit Card, or Credit Card 6

3 - Print the ticket: - print The Reservation transitions to the Ticketed state. 7

4 - Give ticket Ø give. Ticket to the gate agent to board the plane Ø The Reservation transitions to the Used state. 8

4 - Give ticket (Cont. ) The path ends 9

5 - Cancel for no payment by the ‘Pay. Timer’ Ø If the Reservation is not paid the Pay. Timer expires and the Reservation is cancelled for non-payment. 10

6 - Cancel by customer Ø When the customer asks to cancel the Reservation Cancel the Reservation from the Made state 11

7 - Cancel by customer after payment Ø A Reservation is cancelled from the Paid state, a Refund should be generated and leave the system Ø Cancellation from the Paid state 12

8 - Customer cancels after receiving the ticket Ø From the Ticketed state, the customer cancel the Reservation. Ø In that case a Refund should be generated. Ø The airline will generate a refund but only when it receives the printed Ticket from the customer. l Ø This introduces one new notational element—square brackets [. . ] that contain a conditional that can be evaluated either True or False. This conditional acts as a guard allowing the transition only if the condition is true. 13

8 - Customer cancels after receiving the ticket (cont. ) Cancellation from the Ticketed state 14

State-Transition Tables Creating Test Cases Ø State-transition tables may be easier to use in a complete and systematic manner. Ø State-transition tables consist of four columns Current State, Event, Action, and Next State. 15

Creating Test Cases 1. Create a set of test cases such that all states are "visited" at least once under test. The set of three test cases shown below meets this requirement. Generally this is a weak level of test coverage. A set of test cases that "visit" each state 16

Create a set of test cases such that all transitions are exercised at least once under test. 2. l l This level of testing provides a good level of coverage without generating large numbers of tests. This level is generally the one recommended. A set of test cases that trigger all transitions at least once 17

4. A set of test cases that trigger all transitions at least once (Cont. ) Test cases can also be read directly from the state-transition table. Ø The gray rows in the following table show all the valid transitions. Ø 18

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The End Session Any Problems? ? ?

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Kelas “Reservation” 24

Kelas “Made” 25

Kelas “Paid” 26

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State-Transition Testing (Cont. ) Summary Ø State-Transition diagrams efforts by identifying the states, events, actions, and transitions. These define how a system interacts with the outside world, the events it processes, and the valid and invalid order of these events. Ø The generally recommended level of testing using statetransition diagrams is to create a set of test cases such that all transitions are exercised at least once under test. Ø In high-risk systems, you may want to create even more test cases, approaching all paths if possible or create test cases for some or all of the invalid state/event pairs to make sure the system has not implemented invalid paths. 29

State-Transition Tables (Cont. ) Ø The advantage of a state-transition table is that it lists all possible state-transition combinations, not just the valid ones. Ø When testing critical, high-risk systems such as avionics or medical devices, testing every statetransition pair may be required, including those that are not valid. Ø Creating a state-transition table often unearths combinations that were not identified, documented, or dealt with in the requirements. It is highly beneficial to discover these defects before coding begins. 30

State-Transition Tables (Cont. ) Ø Using a state-transition table can help detect defects in implementation that enable invalid paths from one state to another. Ø The disadvantage of such tables is that they become very large very quickly as the number of states and events increases. Ø In addition, the tables are generally sparse; that is, most of the cells are empty. 31

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