Supply Chain Management 2 nd Edition Chapter 2

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Supply Chain Management (2 nd Edition) Chapter 2 Supply Chain Performance: Achieving Strategic Fit

Supply Chain Management (2 nd Edition) Chapter 2 Supply Chain Performance: Achieving Strategic Fit and Scope © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 2 -1

Outline u Competitive and supply chain strategies u Achieving strategic fit u Expanding strategic

Outline u Competitive and supply chain strategies u Achieving strategic fit u Expanding strategic scope © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 2

What is Supply Chain Management? u Managing supply chain flows and assets, to maximize

What is Supply Chain Management? u Managing supply chain flows and assets, to maximize supply chain surplus u What is supply chain surplus? © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 3

Competitive and Supply Chain Strategies u u Competitive strategy: defines the set of customer

Competitive and Supply Chain Strategies u u Competitive strategy: defines the set of customer needs a firm seeks to satisfy through its products and services Product development strategy: specifies the portfolio of new products that the company will try to develop Marketing and sales strategy: specifies how the market will be segmented and product positioned, priced, and promoted Supply chain strategy: – determines the nature of material procurement, transportation of materials, manufacture of product or creation of service, distribution of product – Consistency and support between supply chain strategy, competitive strategy, and other functional strategies is important © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 4

The Value Chain: Linking Supply Chain and Business Strategy New Product Marketing Strategy New

The Value Chain: Linking Supply Chain and Business Strategy New Product Marketing Strategy New Product Development Supply Chain Strategy Marketing and Operations Distribution Sales Service Finance, Accounting, Information Technology, Human Resources © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 5

Achieving Strategic Fit u Introduction u How is strategic fit achieved? u Other issues

Achieving Strategic Fit u Introduction u How is strategic fit achieved? u Other issues affecting strategic fit © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 6

Achieving Strategic Fit u Strategic fit: – Consistency between customer priorities of competitive strategy

Achieving Strategic Fit u Strategic fit: – Consistency between customer priorities of competitive strategy and supply chain capabilities specified by the supply chain strategy – Competitive and supply chain strategies have the same goals u. A company may fail because of a lack of strategic fit or because its processes and resources do not provide the capabilities to execute the desired strategy u Example of strategic fit -- Dell © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 7

How is Strategic Fit Achieved? u Step 1: Understanding the customer and supply chain

How is Strategic Fit Achieved? u Step 1: Understanding the customer and supply chain uncertainty u Step 2: Understanding the supply chain u Step 3: Achieving strategic fit © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8

Step 1: Understanding the Customer and Supply Chain Uncertainty u Identify the needs of

Step 1: Understanding the Customer and Supply Chain Uncertainty u Identify the needs of the customer segment being served u Quantity of product needed in each lot u Response time customers will tolerate u Variety of products needed u Service level required u Price of the product u Desired rate of innovation in the product © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 9

Step 1: Understanding the Customer and Supply Chain Uncertainty u Overall attribute of customer

Step 1: Understanding the Customer and Supply Chain Uncertainty u Overall attribute of customer demand u Demand uncertainty: uncertainty of customer demand for a product u Implied demand uncertainty: resulting uncertainty for the supply chain given the portion of the demand the supply chain must handle and attributes the customer desires © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 10

Step 1: Understanding the Customer and Supply Chain Uncertainty u Implied demand uncertainty also

Step 1: Understanding the Customer and Supply Chain Uncertainty u Implied demand uncertainty also related to customer needs and product attributes u Table 2. 1 u Figure 2. 2 u Table 2. 2 u First step to strategic fit is to understand customers by mapping their demand on the implied uncertainty spectrum © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 11

Achieving Strategic Fit u Understanding – – – the Customer Lot size Response time

Achieving Strategic Fit u Understanding – – – the Customer Lot size Response time Service level Product variety Price Innovation © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Implied Demand Uncertainty 12

Impact of Customer Needs on Implied Demand Uncertainty (Table 2. 1) Customer Need Causes

Impact of Customer Needs on Implied Demand Uncertainty (Table 2. 1) Customer Need Causes implied demand uncertainty to increase because … Range of quantity increases Wider range of quantity implies greater variance in demand Lead time decreases Less time to react to orders Variety of products required increases Demand per product becomes more disaggregated Number of channels increases Total customer demand is now disaggregated over more channels Rate of innovation increases New products tend to have more uncertain demand Required service level increases Firm now has to handle unusual surges in demand © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 13

Levels of Implied Demand Uncertainty (Figure 2. 2) Detergent Long lead time steel Purely

Levels of Implied Demand Uncertainty (Figure 2. 2) Detergent Long lead time steel Purely functional products High Fashion Palm Pilot Entirely new products Customer Need Price Responsiveness Low High Implied Demand Uncertainty © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 14

Correlation Between Implied Demand Uncertainty and Other Attributes (Table 2. 2) Attribute Low Implied

Correlation Between Implied Demand Uncertainty and Other Attributes (Table 2. 2) Attribute Low Implied Uncertainty High Implied Uncertainty Product margin Low High Avg. forecast error 10% 40%-100% Avg. stockout rate 1%-2% 10%-40% Avg. forced season- 0% end markdown © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 10%-25% 15

Step 2: Understanding the Supply Chain u How does the firm best meet demand?

Step 2: Understanding the Supply Chain u How does the firm best meet demand? u Dimension describing the supply chain is supply chain responsiveness u Supply chain responsiveness -- ability to – – – respond to wide ranges of quantities demanded meet short lead times handle a large variety of products build highly innovative products meet a very high service level © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 16

Step 2: Understanding the Supply Chain u There is a cost to achieving responsiveness

Step 2: Understanding the Supply Chain u There is a cost to achieving responsiveness u Supply chain efficiency: cost of making and delivering the product to the customer u Increasing responsiveness results in higher costs that lower efficiency u Figure 2. 3: cost-responsiveness efficient frontier u Figure 2. 4: supply chain responsiveness spectrum u Second step to achieving strategic fit is to map the supply chain on the responsiveness spectrum © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 17

Understanding the Supply Chain: Cost. Responsiveness Efficient Frontier Responsiveness High Low High © 2004

Understanding the Supply Chain: Cost. Responsiveness Efficient Frontier Responsiveness High Low High © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Low Cost 18

Step 3: Achieving Strategic Fit u Step is to ensure that what the supply

Step 3: Achieving Strategic Fit u Step is to ensure that what the supply chain does well is consistent with target customer’s needs u Fig. 2. 5: Uncertainty/Responsiveness map u Fig. 2. 6: Zone of strategic fit u Examples: Dell, Barilla © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 19

Responsiveness Spectrum (Figure 2. 4) Highly efficient Integrated steel mill © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Responsiveness Spectrum (Figure 2. 4) Highly efficient Integrated steel mill © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Somewhat efficient Hanes apparel Somewhat responsive Most automotive production Highly responsive Dell 20

Achieving Strategic Fit Shown on the Uncertainty/Responsiveness Map (Fig. 2. 6) Responsive supply chain

Achieving Strategic Fit Shown on the Uncertainty/Responsiveness Map (Fig. 2. 6) Responsive supply chain of it e F n Zo tegic ra St Responsiveness spectrum Efficient supply chain Certain demand © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Implied uncertainty spectrum Uncertain demand 21

Step 3: Achieving Strategic Fit u All functions in the value chain must support

Step 3: Achieving Strategic Fit u All functions in the value chain must support the competitive strategy to achieve strategic fit – Fig. 2. 7 u Two extremes: Efficient supply chains (Barilla) and responsive supply chains (Dell) – Table 2. 3 u Two key points – there is no right supply chain strategy independent of competitive strategy – there is a right supply chain strategy for a given competitive strategy © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 22

Comparison of Efficient and Responsive Supply Chains (Table 2. 3) Efficient Responsive Primary goal

Comparison of Efficient and Responsive Supply Chains (Table 2. 3) Efficient Responsive Primary goal Lowest cost Quick response Product design strategy Min product cost Modularity to allow postponement Pricing strategy Lower margins Higher margins Mfg strategy High utilization Capacity flexibility Inventory strategy Minimize inventory Buffer inventory Lead time strategy Reduce but not at expense of Aggressively reduce even if greater costs are significant Supplier selection strategy Cost and low quality Speed, flexibility, quality Transportation strategy Greater reliance on low cost modes Greater reliance on responsive (fast) modes © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 23

Other Issues Affecting Strategic Fit u Multiple products and customer segments u Product life

Other Issues Affecting Strategic Fit u Multiple products and customer segments u Product life cycle u Competitive changes over time © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 24

Multiple Products and Customer Segments u Firms sell different products to different customer segments

Multiple Products and Customer Segments u Firms sell different products to different customer segments (with different implied demand uncertainty) u The supply chain has to be able to balance efficiency and responsiveness given its portfolio of products and customer segments u Two approaches: – Different supply chains – Tailor supply chain to best meet the needs of each product’s demand © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 25

Product Life Cycle u The demand characteristics of a product and the needs of

Product Life Cycle u The demand characteristics of a product and the needs of a customer segment change as a product goes through its life cycle u Supply chain strategy must evolve throughout the life cycle u Early: uncertain demand, high margins (time is important), product availability is most important, cost is secondary u Late: predictable demand, lower margins, price is important © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 26

Product Life Cycle u Examples: pharmaceutical firms, Intel u As the product goes through

Product Life Cycle u Examples: pharmaceutical firms, Intel u As the product goes through the life cycle, the supply chain changes from one emphasizing responsiveness to one emphasizing efficiency © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 27

Competitive Changes Over Time u Competitive pressures can change over time u More competitors

Competitive Changes Over Time u Competitive pressures can change over time u More competitors may result in an increased emphasis on variety at a reasonable price u The Internet makes it easier to offer a wide variety of products u The supply chain must change to meet these changing competitive conditions © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 28

Expanding Strategic Scope u Scope of strategic fit – The functions and stages within

Expanding Strategic Scope u Scope of strategic fit – The functions and stages within a supply chain that devise an integrated stategy with a shared objective – One extreme: each function at each stage develops its own strategy – Other extreme: all functions in all stages devise a strategy jointly u Five categories: – – – Intracompany intraoperation scope Intracompany intrafunctional scope Intracompany interfunctional scope Intercompany interfunctional scope Flexible interfunctional scope © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 29

Strategic Scope Suppliers Manufacturer Distributor Retailer Customer Competitive Strategy Product Dev. Strategy Supply Chain

Strategic Scope Suppliers Manufacturer Distributor Retailer Customer Competitive Strategy Product Dev. Strategy Supply Chain Strategy Marketing Strategy © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 30

Intracompany Intraoperational Scope u One operation within a functional area in a company u

Intracompany Intraoperational Scope u One operation within a functional area in a company u Each operation within each stage of the supply chain devises a strategy independently and attempts to optimize its own performance independently u Usually results in different operations having conflicting objectives – does not maximize total supply chain profits u Figure 2. 9 © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 31

Strategic Scope: Intracompany Intraoperation Scope Suppliers Manufacturer Distributor Retailer Customer Competitive Strategy Product Dev.

Strategic Scope: Intracompany Intraoperation Scope Suppliers Manufacturer Distributor Retailer Customer Competitive Strategy Product Dev. Strategy Supply Chain Strategy Marketing Strategy © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 32

Intracompany Intrafunctional Scope u Strategic fit is expanded to include all operations within a

Intracompany Intrafunctional Scope u Strategic fit is expanded to include all operations within a function u Attempt to maximize performance for the entire function u Figure 2. 10 © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 33

Strategic Scope: Intracompany Intrafunctional Scope Suppliers Manufacturer Distributor Retailer Customer Competitive Strategy Product Dev.

Strategic Scope: Intracompany Intrafunctional Scope Suppliers Manufacturer Distributor Retailer Customer Competitive Strategy Product Dev. Strategy Supply Chain Strategy Marketing Strategy © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 34

Intracompany Interfunctional Scope u All functional strategies within a company are developed to support

Intracompany Interfunctional Scope u All functional strategies within a company are developed to support each other and the company’s competitive strategy u Strategic fit is expanded to include all functions in a firm u Goal is to maximize company profit u Figure 2. 11 © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 35

Strategic Scope: Intracompany Interfunctional Scope Suppliers Manufacturer Distributor Retailer Customer Competitive Strategy Product Dev.

Strategic Scope: Intracompany Interfunctional Scope Suppliers Manufacturer Distributor Retailer Customer Competitive Strategy Product Dev. Strategy Supply Chain Strategy Marketing Strategy © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 36

Intercompany Interfunctional Scope u The only positive cash flow for the supply chain occurs

Intercompany Interfunctional Scope u The only positive cash flow for the supply chain occurs when the customer pays for the product – all other cash flows are resettling of accounts within the chain and add to total supply chain cost u Supply chain surplus – Difference between what the customer pays and total supply chain cost – Total profit to be shared among all members of the supply chain © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 37

Intercompany Interfunctional Scope u Increasing supply chain surplus increases the amount to be shared

Intercompany Interfunctional Scope u Increasing supply chain surplus increases the amount to be shared u All stages coordinate strategy across all functions to ensure that they best meet the customer’s needs and maximize supply chain surplus u Also provides more speed by managing the interfaces between supply chain stages u Each company must evaluate its actions in the context of the entire supply chain u Figure 2. 12 © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 38

Strategic Scope: Intercompany Interfunctional Scope Suppliers Manufacturer Distributor Retailer Customer Competitive Strategy Product Dev.

Strategic Scope: Intercompany Interfunctional Scope Suppliers Manufacturer Distributor Retailer Customer Competitive Strategy Product Dev. Strategy Supply Chain Strategy Marketing Strategy © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 39

Flexible Intercompany Interfunctional Scope u Ability to achieve strategic fit when partnering with stages

Flexible Intercompany Interfunctional Scope u Ability to achieve strategic fit when partnering with stages that change over time in the supply chain u Customer needs and members of the supply chain change over time u A firm may have to partner with many different firms over time © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 40

Summary of Learning Objectives u Why is achieving strategic fit critical to a company’s

Summary of Learning Objectives u Why is achieving strategic fit critical to a company’s overall success? u How does a company achieve strategic fit between its supply chain strategy and its competitive strategy? u What is the importance of expanding the scope of strategic fit across the supply chain? © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 41