Reformation II Zwingli etc n n n Huldrych

Reformation II Zwingli, etc.

n n n Huldrych Zwingli Influenced by Erasmus Beliefs were important for integration of church and state Bible carried a social message Stressed divine origins of civil government

Huldrych Zwingli n n n 1484 -1531—Brought reformed religion to Zurich Educated at University of Basel Influenced by humanism Preacher among Swiss mercenary troops that fought for the empire. Met Erasmus in Basel Studied Greek writings of the Church fathers and New Testament

n n n 1519, Zwingli struck with plague and survived Life and death struggle influenced his realization of the power of God’s mercy Elected as people’s priest in 1519 Did not preach from prescribed readings, but would rely on Erasmus’ New Testament and preach it A to Z Believed that Church had to recover its earlier purity and reject innovations brought by successive popes and councils

n Zwingli believed n n n n Equality of believers Justification by faith alone Sufficiency of the gospel as authority for church practices Attacked indulgences, penance, clerical celibacy, prayers to the Virgin, statues and images in churches and many other abuses. Stressed that mass was to be viewed as commemorative event, not one that involved the real presence of Christ Called communion the “Lord’s Supper” Zurich’s town council adopted these as basis for religious reform.

Protestant Thought

How is one to be Saved? By both faith and And good works Where does Both Bible and Religious authority Traditional teachlie? ings of the church Faith alone W/m saved God’s decision Word of God Revealed in Bible Each person decides What is highest Form of Christian life? Monastic religious All vocations have life higher than equal merit secular What is the Church? Id with clergy, taught community of believers Entire community of believers

Clerical, hierarchical Spiritual priesthood of all institution headed by pope believers not fixed in one person Church is structured, pope Invisibility of the church; interprets doctrine faith requires no institutional structure Seven sacraments: baptism, Scriptures support only penance, Eucharist, three sacraments: baptism, confirmation, marriage, penance, Eucharist holy orders, extreme unction Transubstantiation: bread Consubstantiation: bread and wine actual body and wine not transformed blood of Christ but Christ is present

Societal Impacts n n Pulpit and printing press spread Luther’s message Many turned to his ideas n City governments resented clerical privileges and immunities n Paid no taxes n Did not defend towns n Held substantial city properties

n n Irregularity and poor quality of sermons criticized Prosperous burghers established preacherships n n n Preachers ere well-educated and had to deliver 100 sermons of 45 minutes each per year After 1517, these preachers taught Luther’s ideas and became Protestant leaders Peasants in countryside followed Luther: he himself had been a peasant Respected Luther’s defiance of the Church “A Christian man is the most free lord of all and subject to none. ” incited social unrest

Peasant Economy Worse than in 15 th Century’ n 1523 and 1524: Crop failures aggravated an explosive situation n 1525: Representatives of Swabian peasants met in Memmingen and drew up The Twelve Articles n

The Twelve Articles n n n n Condemned lay and ecclesiastical lords Summarized agrarian crisis of 16 th Century PROBLEMS: Nobles seized village common lands New rents on manorial properties imposed New services required of peasants working on such properties Peasants had to pay unjust death duties Peasants believed that their demands conformed to the Scriptures: thought Luther could prove it

n n n Luther wanted to prevent rebellion Initially he sided with peasants, but later sided w/lords: Luther did not support armed rebellion Peasant Rebellion: used Luther’s words as their reasoning “God’s Righteousness” Freedom for Luther was freedom to obey word of God, not freedom in opposition to legal established social order He encouraged the princes to crush the peasant rebellion: 75 -100, 000 peasants killed in 1525.

This greatly strengthened the authority of lay rulers and the state over the church n Peasant conditions moderately improved n Enclosed lands were returned to common use n

Women and the Reformation n n France: Margarite of Navarre (1492 -1549) sister of Francis I of France (a Catholic) intervened on behalf of Lutherans who were condemned by Church authorities Created her own court in south of France Devotional poem: Mirror of the Sinful Soul inspired women reformers and was translated into English by Elizabeth I.

n n n n Mary of Hungary (1505 -1558) Sister of Charles V and Ferdinand I, as well as Queen of Hungary, she later became regent of the Netherlands Was patron to Hungarian reformers Mary was more humanist than protestant But Luther dedicated an edition of his Psalms to her Mary read Luther’s works Her religious independence infuriated her brothers

Poland n n n Bona (1493 -1558), wife of Sigismund I of Poland important to eastern reform Spread both Renaissance art and humanist learning in Poland She was one of the largest landowners in Poland She initiated widespread agricultural and economic reforms Her private confessor was one of Poland’s leading Protestants

Impact on average women n n Doctrine of equality of all believers put men and women on equal spiritual footing—men still dominated the ministry Family life became the center of faith when salvation was removed from control of the Church. Education of girls became important Girls’ schools were founded in German cities Townspeople could use their new skills as shopkeepers, family accountants, teachers

n n n Home became focus of the faith: love tenderness, reconciliation Women no longer had to confess their sexual lives Marriage was seen as a cure for clerical concupiscence Marriage became a woman’s career: raising children, keeping the home, work in the church BUT removal of female images (saints) from churches caused Protestantism to become male dominated Bible reading reinforced image of women as weak and sinful.

Germany and Protestant reform Germany not centralized n Power resided in local lords, who strengthened their hold on territories and weakened imperial power n 7 elector representatives elected Charles V to be Holy Roman Emperor in 1519— he was 19 n

n n n Hapsburg Dynasty: Maximilian I Of Hapsburg Mary of Ferdinand Isabella of Burgundy of Aragon of Castille Philip Joanna of Burgundy of Castile Catherine of Aragon Henry VIII of England Charles V Phillip II Mary Tudor

Charles V (HRE) n n n Believed he was on path to world monarchy His duty was to maintain political and religious unity of Western Christiandom Germans proposed governmental reforms: n n Place administration in hands of imperial council whose president (emperor’s appointee) had executive power Imperial finances Army judiciary

n Charles V not interested in reform: n 1521— 1 st Diet of Worms: goal to be sole ruler of Empire; n Wanted to be treated greater than predecessors because he was more powerful n German revenues and German troops were subordinate to needs of other parts of the empire: Burgundy was first priority, then Spain

Political Impact n n Patriotism Anti-Roman Sentiment Humanism: Translation of Bible 1520: Appeal to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation: gained Luther strong support of nobles

Charles V n n n Defended Catholicism Co-existence of 2 religions not deemed possible Did not understand political situation in Germany Did not have resources to oppose Protestants Turkish threat 1521 -1555 France and Charles V warred

Peace of Augsburg n n n 1555, Peace signed that accepted status quo Recognized Lutheranism Each prince determined the religion in his realm North+Central Germany Lutheran South Catholic NOFREEDOM OF RELIGION!!

John Calvin n n Born in NW France 1509 (1564) Catholic, then Protestant 1533, then Calvinist Believed he was selected to reform the church 1541: went to Geneva to establish Christian Society Institutes of the Christian Religion: Predestination

Genevan Society n n n High standards of morality Complete mastery of scriptures Genevan Catechism: memorization of set questions and answers Genevan Consistory: 12 laymen and Pastors to keep watch on people’s lives; goal to correct wrongs 1542 -1546: 76 banished 58 executed

n n n n Most perfect school of Christ since Apostles Religious refugees visited Model for Presbyterian church of Scotland n Huguenot Church in France n Puritan church in England For Women: Sense of belonging Husband had authority over family Wife obedient Outlet for sexual desires in marriage

Religious feelings in home: n Praying n Recite catechism n Read Bible to children/servants n Aid poor n Wealth women founded schools n Set up orphanages n Dowries for girls n Funds for poor widows n

International Protestantism: n All work dignified n Hard work done well was pleasing to God n Aggressive, vigorous activism n

Anabaptists n n n n “to baptize again” Only a few could receive inner light Religious toleration Did not force values on others All churches independent Own ministers and own affairs Women admitted to ministry

Shared goods n Refused public offices n No conscription n Stressed pacifism n Good deeds= sign of Christian faith n Immitate meekness and mercy of Christ n

Followers Attracted poor, unemployed uneducated n Separation of church and state n Suffered fanatical hatred and persecution n Today: Quakers, Baptists, Congregationalists n US constitution n

English Refomation n n n Lollards driven underground 15 th Century Ideas attracted working class: Individual interpretation of Bible No stock in value of sacraments Anti-clerical Opposed ecclesiastical wealth, veneration of saints, prayers for dead, all war Individual’s soul directly responsible to God

William Tyndale 1524: calls for reform n Visits Luther in Wittenberg n 1525: printed New Testament in English n Distributed by Lollards n Lollards still in minority, but ideas gained support n

Henry VIII n n n Married Catherine of Aragon—his brother Arthur’s widow Pope Julius II gave a papal dispensation for the marriage: Leviticus Catherine has only one surviving child: Mary Does not want anarchy or disputed succession —wants son 1527 --Henry fell in love with Anne Boleyn

n n n n Appeals to Pope Clement VII to annul marriage Pope Clement refuses 1527, Charles V had sacked Rome Henry removes English church from papal jurisdiction through Parliament: 1533: Act in Restraint of Appeals 1534: Act for the Submission of the Clergy and Oath of Allegiance 1534: Supremacy Act 1536: Act of Succession

Henry’s Wives n n n Anne Boleyn has one daughter, Elizabeth 1536: Henry charges her with adultry and she is beheaded 1536: Henry marries Jane Semour: has Edward, she dies in childbirth Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Catherine Parr

n n 1535 -1539: Dissolution of the monasteries Overseen by Thomas Cromwell Henry gets land Nationalization of church and dissolution of monasteries led to important changes in government