Reading Shakespeare with Translationsss Tom Cheesman Department of

Reading Shakespeare with Translationsss Tom Cheesman Department of Languages, Swansea University, Wales BBELT, Mexíco DF, 02/2015

¡Buenas tardes! Hello! Good day! Good afternoon! Good evening! Me llama Tom I’m called Tom I’m Tom My name is Tom’s my name The name’s Tom Call me Tom …

¡Buenas tardes! Hello! Good day! Good afternoon! Good evening! Me llama Tom I’m called Tom I’m Tom My name is Tom’s my name The name’s Tom Call me Tom …

Swansea University Wales • Population: 3 million (UK: 64 million) • Welsh speakers: 600, 000

Swansea University : Prifysgol Abertawe Wales : Cymru • Population: 3 million (UK: 64 million) • Welsh : Cymraeg speakers: 20%

Cefn Bryn (the back of the hill) Pwlldu (the black pool) Llangennith (the place / church of St. Kenneth)

Bilingual Wales / Cymru Dwyieithog

1865 Bod, neu beidio bod, hynyna yw’r pwnc: - A yw’n fwy urddas yn y meddwl, i Ddyoddef saethau ac ergydion ffawd Ffyrniglawn; neu gymeryd arfau yn Wrthwyneb i fôr o ofidiau, a Thrwy fyn’d i’w herbyn, eu gorchfygu hwy? D. Griffiths 1960 Ai bod ai peidio â bod: dyna yw’r cwestiwn. P’run harddaf yn yr enaid, ai dioddef Holl saethau ac ergydion ffawd ysgeler, Ai ymarfogi yn erbyn môr o ofidiau, A’u herio nes cael diwedd? J. T. Jones 2005 Bod neu beidio â bod – dyna’r dewis. Ai dewrach dioddef yn feddyliol saethau ac ergydion mympwyol Ffawd, na gwrthryfela’n erbyn llanw gofidiau a’u difa wrth eu herio? Gareth Miles

Hamlet: the 3 Welsh translations To be, or not to be, that is the question: Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them: … 1865 Bod, neu beidio bod, hynyna yw’r pwnc: - A yw’n fwy urddas yn y meddwl, i Ddyoddef saethau ac ergydion ffawd Ffyrniglawn; neu gymeryd arfau yn Wrthwyneb i fôr o ofidiau, a Thrwy fyn’d i’w herbyn, eu gorchfygu hwy? D. Griffiths 1960 Ai bod ai peidio â bod: dyna yw’r cwestiwn. P’run harddaf yn yr enaid, ai dioddef Holl saethau ac ergydion ffawd ysgeler, Ai ymarfogi yn erbyn môr o ofidiau, A’u herio nes cael diwedd? J. T. Jones 2005 Bod neu beidio â bod – dyna’r dewis. Ai dewrach dioddef yn feddyliol saethau ac ergydion mympwyol Ffawd, na gwrthryfela’n erbyn llanw gofidiau a’u difa wrth eu herio? Gareth Miles

Hamlet: the 3 Welsh translations To be, or not to be, that is the question: Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them … 1865 Welsh language under attack Bod, neu beidio bod, hynyna yw’r pwnc: - A yw’n fwy urddas yn y meddwl, i Ddyoddef saethau ac ergydion ffawd Ffyrniglawn; neu gymeryd arfau yn Wrthwyneb i fôr o ofidiau, a Thrwy fyn’d i’w herbyn, eu gorchfygu hwy? D. Griffiths 1960 fighting for independence Ai bod ai peidio â bod: dyna yw’r cwestiwn. P’run harddaf yn yr enaid, ai dioddef Holl saethau ac ergydion ffawd ysgeler, Ai ymarfogi yn erbyn môr o ofidiau, A’u herio nes cael diwedd? J. T. Jones 2005 new National Assembly for Wales Bod neu beidio â bod – dyna’r dewis. Ai dewrach dioddef yn feddyliol saethau ac ergydion mympwyol Ffawd, na gwrthryfela’n erbyn llanw gofidiau a’u difa wrth eu herio? Gareth Miles

Hamlet: the 3 Welsh translations To be, or not to be, that is the question: Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them: … 1865 Welsh language under attack Bod, neu beidio bod, hynyna yw’r pwnc: - A yw’n fwy urddas yn y meddwl, i Ddyoddef saethau ac ergydion ffawd Ffyrniglawn; neu gymeryd arfau yn Wrthwyneb i fôr o ofidiau, a Thrwy fyn’d i’w herbyn, eu gorchfygu hwy? D. Griffiths 1960 fighting for independence Ai bod ai peidio â bod: dyna yw’r cwestiwn. P’run harddaf yn yr enaid, ai dioddef Holl saethau ac ergydion ffawd ysgeler, Ai ymarfogi yn erbyn môr o ofidiau, A’u herio nes cael diwedd? J. T. Jones 2005 new National Assembly for Wales Bod neu beidio â bod – dyna’r dewis. Ai dewrach dioddef yn feddyliol saethau ac ergydion mympwyol Ffawd, na gwrthryfela’n erbyn llanw gofidiau a’u difa wrth eu herio? Gareth Miles

Variation in Translation The Politics of Translation • Choices and constraints • Contexts: linguistic, literary, historical, socio-cultural, ideological, political, economic … • Contexts: personal, local, national, transnational … • Agents: translators, commissioners, users, audiences, censors … • Re-translation

Variation in Translation The Politics of Translation Acumulación de víveres por anuncios sísmicos en Chile 1: Hoarding caused by earthquake predictions in Chile acaparar negativo rumores populares 2: Stockpiling of provisions because of predicted earthquakes in Chile almacenar neutro predicciónes científicas Farwell, D. and Helmreich, S. (2015). Pragmatics-based Machine Translation. In Chan, S. (ed. ), The Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Technology. Abingdon/NY: Routledge, pp. 167 -185 (171).

Variation in Translation The Politics of Translation Acumulación de víveres por anuncios sísmicos en Chile 1: Hoarding caused by earthquake predictions in Chile acaparar negativo rumores populares 2: Stockpiling of provisions because of predicted earthquakes in Chile almacenar neutro predicciónes científicas Farwell, D. and Helmreich, S. (2015). Pragmatics-based Machine Translation. In Chan, S. (ed. ), The Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Technology. Abingdon/NY: Routledge, pp. 167 -185 (171).

Shakespeare Lesson Plans About. com http: //shakespeare. about. com/od/teachingshakespeare/a/Shakespeare_Lesson. htm http: //shakespeare. about. com/od/teachingshakespeare/tp/Shakespeare_Lesson_Plans. htm Folger Shakespeare Library www. folger. edu/teaching-modules PBS www. pbs. org/wnet/shakespeare-uncovered/education/ The British Council with the BBC www. teachingenglish. org. uk/shakespeare

Shakespeare Insult Generator: www. pangloss. com/seidel/Shaker • • • Thou puking hell-hated baggage! Thou mammering rude-growing harpy! Thou cullionly clapper-clawed whey-face! Thou mangled dismal-dreaming vassal! Thou lumpish doghearted malt-worm! • • • Thou elvish-mark'd, abortive, rooting hog! (Richard III) I'll pray a thousand prayers for thy death. (Measure for Measure) Take you me for a sponge? (Hamlet) Stale old mouse-eaten dry cheese! (Troilus & Cressida) Best set thy lower part where thy nose stands. (All's Well That Ends Well)

‘Version Variation Visualisation’ research project >> www. tinyurl. com/vvvex • Swansea University: – Department of Languages, Translation and Communication (TC) – Department of Computer Science (Dr Bob Laramee) – Centre on Digital Arts and Humanities: CODAH • Arts and Humanities Research Council • Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre • Studio Nand (Berlin) — digital interaction design • ABBYY — document digitization • Dr Kevin Flanagan (now: SDL Translation Software) • Dr Jan Rybicki, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland

Duke of Venice Brabantio Desdemona and Othello and Iago Bed Credits: ncrt. net, agefotostock. com, Wikipedia, ebay

A. González Pineda “Otelo dando muerte a Desdémona” (1879) Museo Nacional de Arte Credits: munal. com. mx, Google; mercadolibre. com. mx

Credit: mercadolibre. com. mx

William Hamilton “Brabantio’s Accusation against Othello” (Othello, Act 1, Scene 3) Folger Shakespeare Library

A Problem for Interpretation — and Translation Duke of Venice (to Brabantio) If virtue no delighted beauty lack, Your son-in-law is far more fair than black. (Act 1, Scene 3, lines 287 -8)

Duke of Venice (to Brabantio) If virtue no delighted beauty lack, Your son-in-law is far more fair than black.

Duke of Venice (to Brabantio) If virtue no delighted beauty lack, Your son-in-law is far more fair than black.

Martin Luther King (1967) Somebody told a lie one day. They couched it in language. They made everything Black ugly and evil. Look in your dictionaries and see the synonyms of the word Black. It’s always something degrading and low and sinister. Look at the word White. It’s always something pure, high and clean. Well I want to get the language right tonight. I want to get the language so right that everyone here will cry out: “Yes, I’m Black, I’m proud of it. I’m Black and I’m beautiful!” https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=dt. Dy. Uxlhaik (1’ 20” – 2’ 15”)

Translations at: w w w. d e l i g h t e d b e a u t y. o r g If valour is the measure of true beauty, your son-in-law is fairer than he’s black. (Shakespeare Made Easy. Othello, modernised by Alan Durband. London: Hutchinson Education 1989; repr 2001, 2006. ) If goodness is beautiful, your son-in-law is beautiful, not black. (No Fear Shakespeare. Othello, ed. John Crowther. New York: Spark Notes, 2003; and at Spark Notes: Othello: http: //nfs. sparknotes. com/othello. ) If virtue is missing delightful beauty, Your son-in-law is far more just than black. (Othello. Side by Side, ed. James Scott. Clayton, DE: Prestwick House, 2005; and at Enotes: Othello Text and Translation: http: //www. enotes. com/topics/othello/etext. )

www. delightedbeauty. org 1881: Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo • • • 1. [ Ø ] 2. vuestro yerno es más bello que atezado. 3. (? 1965) vuestro yerno es hermoso. [ Ø ] 1985: Manuel Angel Conejero y otros • no negro tendríais que llamar a Othello, sino virtuoso. 1989: Ángel Luis Pujante • vuestro yerno / no puede ser más blanco, siendo negro. 2000: Jaime Collyer • tu yerno es, por cierto, más bello que renegrido. 2004: Rolando Costa Picazo • Vuestro yerno es mucho más bello que negro. 2008: Alfredo Michel Modenessi • • 1. tu yerno no es oscuro sino luz. 2. tu yerno es como luz y no tinieblas.

www. delightedbeauty. org 1832: Wolf Baudissin (canonical) Wenn man die Tugend muß als schön erkennen, Dürft Ihr nicht häßlich Euern Eidam nennen. 1830: Alfred de Vigny Pour vous, seigneur, veuillez m’en croire, La vertu peut siéger sous une couleur noire. If one must recognise virtue as beautiful, You may not call your son-in-law ugly. As for you, signior, believe me, Virtue can rule under a black banner. 1956: Hans Rothe Zählte bei Menschen nur der innre Schein, Würden wir dunkler als Othello sein. 2003: Feridun Zaimoglu Solange männliche Tugend mehr zählt als Schönheitsfehler, kann man sagen, Ihr Schwiegersohn ist eher edel als schwarz. If what counted with people was only their inner appearance, We would be darker than Othello. So long as male virtue counts more than blemishes [beauty-flaws], one can say your son-in-law is more noble than black.

1941: Hedwig Schwarz (1898 -1985) Wenn nie der Tugend lichte Schönheit fehlt, Ist Ihre Tochter hell, nicht schwarz vermählt. If virtue never lacks light-filled beauty, Your daughter is brightly, not blackly married.

Translations of are more various than translations of most other lines, so. . . We can use the varying variation among translations to discover the difficult bits in Shakespeare!

Translations of are more various than translations of most other lines So we can use the varying variation among translations to discover the difficult bits in Shakespeare!

‘Version Variation Visualisation’ research project >> www. tinyurl. com/vvvex

‘Alignment maps’ of Othello Act 1 Scene 3 >> www. tinyurl. com/vvvex

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Parallel View at: www. delightedbeauty. org/vvv

Corpus stylometry: by Jan Rybicki, Kraków 40 x German Othello (1766 -2010)

Corpus stylometry: by Jan Rybicki, Krakow 40 x German Othello (1766 -2010)

Time-map of 40 x German Othello (1766 -2010) at: othellomap. nand. io

Algorithms compare translations to find how variation varies — Introducing the algorithms known as ‘EDDY’ & ‘VIV’

‘Eddy value’ = how distinctive is one version of a segment, compared with all other versions? ‘Viv value’ = average of ‘Eddy’ values: how much variation is provoked by one source segment, compared with all others? Viv indicates: Which segments are most variously translated? Which characters’ lines are most variously translated? What difference do formal constraints make? An experiment with two-line segments …

Examples Brabantio: Here is the man, this Moor. (. . ) Roderigo: I confess it is my shame to be so fond [of Desdemona]. But it is not in my virtue to amend it. Iago: Virtue! A fig!. . h*g* ? f*ck ?

VVV Prototype – the ‘Eddy and Viv’ View Viv (‘variation in variation’) Eddy (∑d, edit distance, ‘eddy’)

An Eddy and Viv experiment with two-line segments …

ALSO. . Investigate where one translator differs most/least from others

Zoom in on local passages

Next … educational applications of this kind of technology and HOLY SCRIPTURE

Next … educational applications of this kind of technology and HOLY SCRIPTURE

The “TRAViz” system by Stefan Jänicke (Leipzig) www. informatik. uni-leipzig. de: 8080/Holy. Bible/

‘Version Variation Visualisation’ research project >> www. tinyurl. com/vvvex • Swansea University: – Department of Languages, Translation and Communication (TC) – Department of Computer Science (Dr Bob Laramee) – Centre on Digital Arts and Humanities: CODAH • Arts and Humanities Research Council • Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre • Studio Nand (Berlin) — digital interaction design • ABBYY — document digitization • Dr Kevin Flanagan (now: SDL Translation Software) • Dr Jan Rybicki, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland

Diolch i chi am wrando Thank you for listening Gracias por escuchar