Protein Synthesis From Gene RNA Protein Trait Human

Protein Synthesis: From Gene RNA Protein Trait

Human Genome • The human genome contains about ______ genes. • Each gene is a ________of DNA (sequence of nitrogen bases) contained within each chromosome. Each chromosome contains hundreds to thousands of _____. • Each of these genes provide instructions for making a specific ______ (like _____).

Proteins • The proteins produced by cells influence each of your _____ and guide ____________. • What are proteins made of? _________ • How many amino acids are there? _____ • But there’s only 4 bases in DNA? Sequences of _____(in groups of ____) code for each ________. The group of the bases are called ________.

Proteins

4 bases/20 amino acids • Codons – a set of ________that code for a particular _________. • Also, there are ____ and ____ codons – sets of 3 bases that indicate where the code for a particular protein (_______) starts and where it stops.

RNA Codons

Transcription – From DNA to RNA • Proteins are synthesized at the ________, so how does that information get from the DNA in the nucleus to the __________? -_______is our answer. It copies the sequence of the gene and leaves the nucleus to travel to one of the _______. RNA Ribosome

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) vs. DNA • Contains ______ (instead of Thymine in DNA) • _____________ (instead of 2 strands) • _______ sugar(instead of Deoxyribose) • ________ of nucleus (instead of only inside) • ______ types (instead of one type) • Codons and _________ (instead of just codons)

Making m. RNA by Transcription • This is a similar process to _______ but instead of making new DNA strands, a single _______ strand is made from a ______. • It is called “___________” because the m. RNA is making a ____ of the instructions for making protein like a “scribe” records a “_____”. • m. RNA is ________ RNA and takes the genetic information out of the nucleus and to the ribosome. • r. RNA is ________RNA and makes up the ribosomes. • The 3 rd kind of RNA will come later.

Making m. RNA by Transcription-Steps 1. RNA __________ enzyme attaches to DNA where the beginning of the _____ is located (_______ codon: TAC). 2. Free floating ___________(ribonucleotides) match their bases with the sequence of bases on the gene (located on only ____ side of the DNA) with the help of RNA polymerase. – RNA to DNA base pairing: ____ with A, ____ with T, ____ with C 3. RNA polymerase attaches the nucleotides together as it runs along the gene. Covalent bonds form between the ______ and _______ to create a single stranded m. RNA molecule. 4. When a ______is reached, the RNA polymerase and the m. RNA strand _____.

Translation- From m. RNA to Protein • m. RNA moves to a _________. • t. RNA (_______ RNA) brings _______ to the ribosomes • How does the t. RNA know which are the correct amino acids? • t. RNA has_______ that match up with the m. RNA’s ______. • It is the sequence of ____________ that determines which protein has been synthesized.

Translation – From m. RNA to Protein • It is called “________” since nucleic acids are being _________ into amino acids like “_______” one language to another. • A new RNA called ________ RNA (t. RNA) is used. • The t. RNA is folded exposing a part that compliments an m. RNA codon called an ___________. • One end carries a specific _________. The amino acid it carries is based on the __________ sequence.

Transcription http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=5 Mf. SYn. It. Yvg Translation https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=8 ds. Tv. Ba. UMvw Protein Synthesis- Transcription & Translation http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=8 n. QH 0 Gq. Fn 6 k

Review of Concepts 1. What is the name of the process of a gene being copied by creating an m. RNA strand? 2. Indicate the difference between DNA and m. RNA: Difference DNA RNA Sugar Bases # of strands 3. What is the name of the enzyme used to perform transcription?

Review of Concepts 1. For the sequence of DNA bases below, write what the m. RNA bases sequence would be. DNA: T A C G C C T A G T A C T m. RNA: 2. What is the name of the process that happens at the ribosome? 3. Define a codon:

Review of Concepts Label the picture below with the following terms: Ribosome, t. RNA, m. RNA, anti-codon

Mutations! • Mutation is a ______ in the ____. • Three types: 1. ______ Mutation This is a change in a __________ in DNA. 2. __________Mutation This is a _____ or _____ of a single base in DNA. 3. _________ Mutation Sometimes parts of _________ break off and get lost during ______ or _______.

Point Mutation

Point Mutation • Changes in a single ________ • Can cause a change in one ______ • When does a point mutation not cause problems? • When does a point mutation cause major problems?

Example of a Frameshift mutation

Frameshift Mutation • Often causes more problems than a point mutation. • Why?

Chromosome Mutation

Chromosomal Cont. • Extra Chromosome – ______ – Example: Trisomy 21 - ___________ • Missing Chromosome ________ -Example: ________Turner Syndrome