Pregnancy Prenatal Development Child Development Unit 2 Pregnancy

Pregnancy & Prenatal Development Child Development Unit 2

Pregnancy 101 Use the poster paper at your table and write down phrases that explain what you know about pregnancy. Bell Ringer

Early Signs of Pregnancy • Missed menstrual period • Fullness or mild ache in lower abdomen or back • Enlarged and tender breasts • Nausea or vomiting • Frequent urination • Fatigue As pregnancy progresses you may experience: • Bloating • Food cravings 2. 2

Types of Pregnancy Tests • Lab test ordered by a doctor • Home pregnancy test

Pregnancy is measured in trimesters from the first day of your last menstrual period (LMP) and normally lasts about 40 weeks from conception to the birth of a baby.

First Trimester: Early Changes in a Woman's Body • Weight gain of 2 to 4 pounds • Increase size in breasts and abdomen • Hormone changes may cause fatigue (feeling irritable) • Pressure on bladder – urinate more frequent • Morning sickness • Extreme tiredness 2. 3

• As your body changes, you might need to make changes to your daily routine such as going to bed earlier or eating frequent, small meals. • Most of these discomforts will go away as your pregnancy progresses. • Some women might not feel any discomfort at all!

First Trimester: The Baby at 4 Weeks • The baby's brain and spinal cord have begun to form. • The heart begins to form. • Arm and leg buds appear. • The baby is now an embryo and 1/25 of an inch long 2. 7

The Baby at 8 Weeks • The baby is a fetus and looks more like a human. • Your baby is nearly 1 inch long and weighs less than 1/8 of an ounce. • All major organs and external body structures have begun to form. • The baby's heart beats with a regular rhythm. • The arms and legs grow longer, and fingers and toes have begun to form. • The sex organs begin to form. • The eyes have moved forward on the face and eyelids have formed. • The umbilical cord is clearly visible.

The Baby at 12 Weeks • Head growth has slowed, and the baby is much longer. Now, at about 3 inches long, the baby weighs almost an ounce. • The nerves and muscles begin to work together. The baby can make a fist. • The external sex organs show if your baby is a boy or girl. • A woman who has an ultrasound in the second trimester or later might be able to find out the baby's sex. • Eyelids close to protect the developing eyes. They will not open again until the 28 th week.

http: //www. babycenter. com Video Inside Pregnancy Weeks 1 -9 Video Inside Pregnancy Weeks 10 -14 2. 7

Second Trimester: Changes a Woman May Experience • Feel the baby move – this is called quickening and usually occurs during the 4 th month and helps determine due date. • Begin to wear maternity clothes as they gain weight. • For most women morning sickness is over by the 2 nd Trimester, for some it continues. • Discomforts – backaches, constipation, heartburn, bleeding gums, leg cramps, mood swings, dizziness – these are common but should be reported to the doctor. 2. 3

As your body changes to make room for your growing baby, you may have: • • • Body aches, such as back, abdomen, groin, or thigh pain. Stretch marks on your abdomen, breasts, thighs, or buttocks. Darkening of the skin around your nipples. A line on the skin running from belly button to pubic hairline. Patches of darker skin, usually over the cheeks, forehead, nose, or upper lip. Patches often match on both sides of the face. This is sometimes called the mask of pregnancy. • Numb or tingling hands, called carpal tunnel syndrome. • Itching on the abdomen, palms, and soles of the feet. • Swelling of the ankles, fingers, and face. 2. 3

Second Trimester: The Baby at 16 Weeks • The baby makes sucking motions with the mouth (sucking reflex). • The baby reaches a length of about 4 to 5 inches and weighs almost 3 ounces. • Muscle tissue and bone continue to form, creating a more complete skeleton. • Skin begins to form. You can nearly see through it. • Meconium develops in your baby's intestinal tract. This will be your baby's first bowel movement.

The Baby at 20 Weeks • The baby is more active. You might feel slight fluttering. • The baby can hear and swallow. • The baby is about 6 inches long and weighs about 9 ounces. • The baby is covered by fine, downy hair called lanugo and a waxy coating called vernix. This protects the forming skin underneath. • Eyebrows, eyelashes, fingernails, and toenails have formed. • The unexpected death of a developing baby before twenty weeks of pregnancy is called a miscarriage after 20 weeks it’s called a stillbirth.

The Baby at 24 Weeks • • • Is about 12 inches long and weighs about 1½ pounds. Footprints and fingerprints have formed. Real hair begins to grow on the baby's head. Bone marrow begins to make blood cells. Taste buds form on the baby's tongue. The lungs are formed, but do not work. The hand startle reflex develop. The baby sleeps and wakes regularly. If the baby is a boy, his testicles begin to move from the abdomen into the scrotum. If the baby is a girl, her uterus and ovaries are in place, and a lifetime supply of eggs have formed in the ovaries.

http: //www. babycenter. com Video Inside Pregnancy Weeks 15 -20 Video Inside Pregnancy Weeks 21 -27 2. 7

Third Trimester: Changes a Woman May Experience • Physical discomforts: heart burn, hemorrhoids, varicose veins, swollen ankles, muscle cramps in the legs, lower back pain. • Tender breasts, which may leak a watery premilk called colostrum. • Belly button may stick out • May have trouble sleeping • May experience shortness of breath due to the top of the uterus pushing against the diaphragm. • Most women experience lightening as delivery approaches – the fetus drops lower in the abdomen. Breathing becomes easier, but pressure on bladder increases. • Contractions, which can be a sign of real or false labor. 2. 3

Third Trimester: Changes as the Due Date Approaches • Get excited — the final countdown has begun! • As the due date nears, the cervix becomes thinner and softer (called effacing). This is a normal, natural process that helps the birth canal (vagina) to open during the birthing process. • Your doctor will check your progress with a vaginal exam as you near your due date. 2. 3

Third Trimester: The Baby at 32 Weeks • The baby is gaining weight quickly, about ½ pound a week. Now, the baby is about 15 to 17 inches long and weighs about 4 to 4½ pounds. • The baby's bones are fully formed, but still soft. • Your baby's kicks and jabs are forceful. • The eyes can open and close and sense changes in light. • Lungs are not fully formed, but practice "breathing" movements occur. • Your baby's body begins to store vital minerals, such as iron and calcium. • Lanugo begins to fall off. 2. 7

Third Trimester: The Baby at 36 Weeks • The baby is about 16 to 19 inches long and weighs about 6 to 6½ pounds. • The protective waxy coating called vernix gets thicker. • Body fat increases. Your baby is getting bigger and has less space to move around. • Movements are less forceful, but you will feel stretches and wiggles. 2. 7

Third Trimester: The Baby at 37 to 40 Weeks • • • By the end of 37 weeks, the baby is considered full term. The baby's organs are ready to function on their own. As the due date nears, the baby may turn into a head-down position for birth. Most babies "present" head down. At birth, the baby may weigh somewhere between 6 pounds, 2 ounces and 9 pounds, 2 ounces and be 19 to 21 inches long. Most full-term babies fall within these ranges. But healthy babies come in many different sizes.

http: //www. babycenter. com Video Inside Pregnancy Weeks 28 -37 2. 7

Make a list of the things you do on a regular basis to stay healthy. What do you think a pregnant woman should do to remain healthy throughout her pregnancy? Pregnant women need to: • Eat a well-balance diet • Exercise moderately • Get plenty of sleep • Manage stress Bell Ringer

Possible Pregnancy Complications • • • Vaginal bleeding Unusual weight gain Excessive thirst Reduced or painful urination Severe abdominal pain Persistent headaches Severe or continuous nausea or vomiting Chills and fever Swelling of the face, hands, or ankles Blurred vision or dizziness Prolonged backache Increased vaginal mucus 2. 4

Pregnancy Complications Preeclampsia is a type of high blood pressure; also called toxemia or pregnancy induced hypertension. (Sudden or extreme swelling or rapid weight gain could be a sign of preeclampsia. ) Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that usually disappears following delivery. It is diagnosed with a glucose screening. 2. 4

Common Birth Defects 2. 5 • Congenital Heart Defects • Clubfoot • Down Syndrome • Cerebral Palsy • Genital and Urinary Tract Defects • Spina Bifida • Congenital HIV Infection • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome • Cleft palate

Prenatal Tests • • Can detect more than 100 kinds of birth defects. Can help determine if the baby needs special medical treatment before or after birth. Types of Tests: • Ultrasound (sonogram) - wand rubbed across the abdomen • Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) is done during the 10 th or 11 th week of pregnancy. Fragments of the placenta are removed from the uterus and tested to detect certain disorders such as cystic fibrosis and down syndrome. • Amniocentesis - is done between the 15 th and 18 th week of pregnancy. Amniotic fluid is drawn from the mothers abdomen. Usually done with mothers over the age of 35 who have a higher incidence of babies born with Down Syndrome. It tests for hundreds of genetic and chromosomal disorders and carries a slight risk of infection that could lead to miscarriage. 2. 6

babycenter. com video https: //www. babycenter. com/2_prenatal-test-chorionic-villus-sampling-cvs_10419326. bc

STDs can Harm the Fetus • Genital herpes – may cause brain damage or mental retardation. • Syphilis – can cause severe damage to the fetus, or stillbirth. • Gonorrhea – can cause blindness. • Chlamydia – may result in eye infections that can turn into more serious infections. • HIV – the virus that leads to AIDS, can be transmitted to the fetus by HIV-positive mothers. Chapter 4 Prenatal Development Section 4. 2 Problems in Prenatal Dev. Workbook page 29 2. 7

Stages of Development Period of the Zygote (1 st Stage) • The union of sperm and egg form a zygote. • This union is called conception. • The zygote travels down the Fallopian tube and 10 to 12 days after fertilization the zygote implants itself into the lining of the uterus and begins to grow. • The zygote grows by cell division. This stage lasts from conception to 2 weeks. Describe three stages of prenatal development 2. 8

Gender Determination • The single celled zygote contains all the genetic information needed to determine the gender of the developing baby. • Each person possesses two sex chromosomes: one is inherited from the father and one from the mother. • Female Sex Cells XX (Ovum or Egg) • Male Sex Cells XY (Sperm) - Baby Girl = XX (when X chromosome sperm fertilizes egg) - Baby Boy = XY (when Y chromosome sperm fertilizes egg) • Gender is determined by the father!

Embryo (2 nd Stage) • Starts when the zygote is implanted in the uterine wall. • When an egg is fertilized, it divides into two components — one becomes the embryo, which develops into the fetus, and the other becomes the placenta. • The placenta provides all the oxygen, water and nutrients the baby needs to grow in the uterus, and transmits fetal waste and carbon dioxide from the baby to the mother’s system for excretion. • It also produces h. CG (human chorionic gonadotropin), the hormone considered necessary to establish a healthy pregnancy. • During this stage all major body systems begin to develop. • This stage lasts about 6 weeks (2 weeks after conception until the 8 th week) Describe three stages of prenatal development 2. 8

Fetus (3 rd Stage) • is the final stage. • It starts at the end of the 2 nd month and lasts 7 months. • The embryo starts out about the size of a walnut and increases 50 times in size. Describe three stages of prenatal development 2. 8

Name factors that are harmful to the development of the unborn child. 2. 8 Reduce Stress during Pregnancy • Identify the stressors in your life • Look for ways to avoid or cut back on those stressors. • Eliminate unnecessary responsibilities. • Take a nap, write in a journal, listen to music. 2. 9

Avoid Teratogens – substances and exposures that can cause birth defects. v Alcohol v Drugs v Infections (Rubella) v Smoking v Harmful fumes v Paint products v Lead v X-Rays 2. 9

Ø Women who have 4 or more drinks a day run a high risk of having a baby with fetal alcohol syndrome Ø FAS is the leading cause of mental retardation and occurs 1 out of every 750 births. Environmental impact on prenatal development. 2. 9

Ø Premature births and low birth weight are linked to smoking by the mother. Ø Smoking reduces the amount of oxygen the fetus receives. Environmental impact on prenatal development. 2. 9

Environmental factors that are harmful to the unborn child Ø Tremendous harm can come to a baby whose mother has used crack, cocaine, heroin, LSD, or other drugs during pregnancy. Ø The newborn may be addicted at birth and is at risk for a stroke, brain damage, and even death. Ø Low birth weight and premature birth are likely. Ø Many of these children face a lifetime of learning and behavioral problems. 2. 9

Environmental impact on prenatal development. Ø Marijuana crosses the placenta and can put the fetus at risk. Ø There have been some reports of children born with characteristics that are similar to FAS. Ø If an expectant mother has used drugs during pregnancy, she must be honest with her physician. 2. 9

Caffeine is not considered a teratogen but it may cause: • Increased risk of miscarriage • Reduces absorption of fluids and calcium needed by mother and baby • Prevents rest • Severe mood swings 2. 9

https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=XTh 2 -e. Wfc. XI

Types of health care for the mother and baby: • Obstetricians – doctors who specialize in delivering babies. • Gynecologists –doctor who specializes in the health of the female reproductive organs. • Family practice physicians often deliver babies. • Certified nurse – midwife is a nurse trained to care for women with low-risk pregnancies and to deliver their babies. 2. 10

Prenatal Care Is Very Important Throughout Pregnancy During the first exam the doctor will ask: • Medical history of both spouses • Menstrual history • Other pregnancies • Diseases or genetic problems • If either spouse smokes, drinks or has a sexually transmitted disease. • Due date will be calculated: - Note the first day of the last normal menstrual period. - Count back three months from this date - Add seven days - This is the approximate due date 2. 10. 1

You will also: • Be weighed • Have your blood pressure taken • Have blood drawn to check for Anemia & Rh factor • Have a pelvic exam • Have a pap smear • Check for immunity to Rubella or German Measles 2. 10. 1

Typical Schedule for Checkups • Once a month through the 7 th month • Twice during the 8 th month • Weekly visits during the 9 th month Section 5. 1 A Healthy Pregnancy Workbook page 34 2. 10. 1

Eating a balanced diet is important: • For healthy growth and development of the fetus • Can lessen the discomfort of the mother during pregnancy Note: follow the choose my plate food plan adding one glass of milk and one extra serving of leafy green vegetables. Complete Workbook page 35 – A Healthy Pregnancy

• It’s important to get plenty of rest and exercise when pregnant. • Wear comfortable clothing

Teen Pregnancy Risks • Problems with spine and pelvic bones during pregnancy and birth • Difficulty delivering a full term baby • An inadequate diet increases the risk of low birth weight. • More likely to experience premature labor • Pregnancy-induced hypertension • Miscarriage and stillbirth are higher • Death rate from complications of pregnancy is much higher for teens under age fifteen 2. 11

Cost of Teen Pregnancies to Society Annual cost of about $34 billion • Teen mothers often rely on welfare to pay for medical costs as well as expenses for day to day living (Medicaid, food stamps, WIC). • Many teens quit school which gives them fewer job options in the future. • Teen parenting causes extra stress that could lead to poor decisions concerning care of the infant ( child abuse, neglect). 2. 12

Careers related to Pregnancy and Prenatal • Obstetricians and Gynecologists OB/GYN Development • Family Practice Physicians • Certified Nurse/Midwife • Perinatologist (also called Maternal-fetal specialists) an obstetrician who specializes in high risk pregnancies. • Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses Ø Chapter 5 Preparing for Birth Section 5. 3 Childbirth Options (workbook page 40) 2. 13

Birth Plans will involve Decisions Concerning: • Medication • Pre-birth procedures • Who can be present during labor and delivery • Treatment of complications • Feeding the infant • Where the baby will stay

Students will: - Complete a Birth Plan Check List - Read the article “How much does a baby cost? ”