Poetry Terms 2 general kinds of poetry lyric

Poetry Terms ¬ 2 general kinds of poetry– lyric and narrative. – Lyric: originate from ancient poems sung to a lyre; includes sonnets, odes, and villanelles – Narrative are longer and were also probably chanted – The line between the two blurs in longer forms of poetry

8 Elements of Poetry ¬ 8 elements of poetry include: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Language Imagery Tone Rhythm & rhyme Metaphor & figurative language

8 Elements of Poetry ¬ 6. Symbols & allegory ¬ 7. Form ¬ 8. Ideas

Language ¬Discursive language depends on telling the reader something ¬Imagery is language that shows the reader something ¬Denotation=the dictionary definition

Language ¬Connotation=the meaning of a word on an emotional level ¬The poet usually controls meaning of the poem through meaning of words and sounds

Language ¬Sounds – Euphony: words that sound good together (very musical) – Cacophony: words that grate, annoy, or create distaste – Onomatopoeia: imitates the sound it refers to

Imagery ¬Images directly appeal to one of the senses: touch, sight, hearing, smell, taste ¬Imagist poets rely on creating responses through images rather than discursive language

Imagery ¬Synaesthesia refers to when an image appeals to 2 or more senses at the same time

Tone ¬Tone may be thought of as arising from the voice the poet projects. ¬They can be ironic, conversational, angry, satirical, or judgmental

Rhythm & Rhyme ¬A rhythm is a regular beat – End-stopped lines have a pause at the end of the line, usually indicated by punctuation. – Run-on lines force the reader to read beyond their end into the beginning of the next lines • Enjambment

Rhythm & Rhyme ¬Rhymed and metrical poem is called verse. – Masculine rhymes: one syllable rhymes (still, fill) – Feminine rhymes: 2 syllable rhymes (balcalava, lava)

Rhythm & Rhyme ¬Slant rhyme: sounds almost echo each other (mousse, clues) ¬Assonantal rhyme: vowels echo each other (tube, mood) ¬Consonantal rhyme: consonants echo each other (klutz, blitz)

Rhythm & Rhyme ¬Internal rhyme: end word rhymes with a word in the middle of the same line or another nearby line (turned the air, a prayer) ¬Eye rhyme: words look alike but do not sound alike (blood, food)

Meter ¬Meter is a measure of syllables into feet. ¬Iambic is the usual metrical foot in English (an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable)

Meter ¬ 1 foot / line = monometer ¬ 2 feet/ line= dimeter ¬ 3 feet/ line= trimeter ¬ 4 feet/ line= tetrameter ¬ 5 feet/ line= pentameter ¬ 6 feet/ line= hexameter ¬ 7 feet / line= septameter ¬ 8 feet/ line= octameter

Meter ¬Metrical foot pattern: – Iamb – Trochee – Anapest – Dactyl – Spondee U/ /U UU/ //U // in-sist pen-cil in a fix im-pli-cate top gun

Meter – Pyrrhic U U of a – Amphribrach U / U in-ter-nal – Cretic /U/ med-I-ate

Meter ¬Iamb and anapest are usually called rising rhythms because they begin with an unstressed syllable and proceed to a final stress. ¬Trochee and dactyl are, therefore, falling rhythms.

Metaphor & Figurative Language ¬Metaphor is a direct comparison between 2 unlike things ¬Figurative language includes: metaphor, oxymoron, irony, paradox, personification, pun, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, and litote

Irony ¬Saying one thing and meaning another or giving an apparently innocent comparison that reveals shortcomings on the subject. ¬Verbal irony is commonly used in conversation, as when someone claims to be bad, but the reader knows the opposite is meant.

Irony ¬Dramatic Irony is not limited to words, but includes actions – Tragic irony is when the result is a tragic end to a hero

Irony ¬Cosmic irony shows fate reaching from the heavens to make an otherwise admirable person so unhappy as to cause his or her death.

Other figurative language ¬Paradox: an apparently impossible circumstance, situation, or condition. ¬Personification: giving a nonbeing the characteristics of a person.

Other figurative language ¬Pun: a play on words that usually depends on a word having several meanings or sounding like another word with a different meaning. ¬Metonymy: when you use one thing in the place of something closely related (instead of athlete using jock)

Other figurative language ¬Synecdoche: closely related to metonymy and uses part of a whole to mean the whole thing (wheels instead of car) ¬Hyperbole: overstatement for effect ¬Litotes: understatement for effect

Symbols and Allegory ¬Symbols are specialized use of words (metaphor) that is universal in nature. – Begins with a comparison but the reader is not always immediately aware that the comparison is important

Symbol & Allegory ¬Allegories are forms of symbols which are fixed (Animal Farm)

Form--Sonnets ¬All sonnets have 14 lines and usually rhyme according to one of several patterns. ¬All 14 lines are usually iambic pentameter, but are not always regular—sometimes other patterns may occur.

Form--Sonnet ¬Petrarchan Sonnet (Italian) – Divided into an octave and a sestet – The octave rhymes abba – The sestet my rhyme cdcdcd, cdecde, cdcdee, or cdedcd

Form--Sonnet ¬The normal pattern is to state the main idea in the first four lines of the octave and then to elaborate on that idea in the next 4 lines ¬Between the octave and the sestet is a turn, a change of tone, action or concept.

Form--Sonnet ¬The first part of the sestet sometimes has an example or complication of the idea developed in the octave. ¬The last 3 lines conclude the poem.

Form--Sonnet ¬Shakespearean Sonnet (English) – Divided in 3 quatrains rhyming abab, cdcd, efef and ends with a couplet gg. – The first 12 lines are elaborating an idea or a problem with details or examples.

Form--Sonnet ¬The last 2 lines resolve the issues raised by the first 3 quatrains ¬The couplet almost sounds like a tag or resoultion

Form--Ballad ¬The term “ballad” implies a song ¬Is sometimes recited to a guitar or lute ¬Traditionally tells a story, often of love, promises, war, and disappointment ¬Often depends on repetition of key lines for effect

Form--Ode ¬A long irregular poem, originally meant to be a sublime poetic utterance inspired by gods ¬Lyric in nature, exalted in tone ¬ 3 phases: strophe, antistrophe, and epode

Form--Ode ¬Odes are usually predicted on oppositions—the subject of one stanza (the antistrophe) may sometimes reevaluate the subject of the previous stanza (the strophe).

Form--Ode ¬The end of the ode (epode) usually attempts to resolve the tensions raised in the body of the ode.

Form--Villanelle ¬Not a common fixed form, lots of rhymes ¬Extremely difficult to create in English ¬ 6 stanzas with iambic pentameter: 5 with 3 lines, and the last with 4 lines

Form—Villanelle ¬There are only 2 rhymes ¬The first line and the third line of the first stanza repeat throughout the poem ¬Stanza 2 ends with line 1 ¬Stanza 3 ends with line 3

Form--Villanelle ¬Stanza 4 ends with line 1 ¬Stanza 5 ends with line 3 ¬Stanza 6 ends with lines 1 and 3