Poetry 1 Lyric Poetry generally brief poems that

Poetry 1. Lyric Poetry- generally brief poems that imaginatively create a single expression; usually one dealing with an emotion. 2. Narrative Poetry- poetry that tells a story. 3. Dramatic Poetry- poetry that creates the illusion that the reader is actually witnessing a dramatic event.

4. Fixed form poems – poems that conform to definite pattern of line and stanza, (ex. sonnets, ballads, haikus, vilanelles, sestinas, etc. ) 5. Free form poems – poems that do not follow any predetermined pattern;

6. Alliteration- the repetition of initial identical consonant sounds. Example: There lies a leafy island. In this line, the “l” sound is alliterated. Notice alliteration is a sound device so you should be able to hear it.

7. Onomatopoeia- the use of words that imitate sounds. Examples: whirr, thud, sizzle, hiss, buzz. 8. Rhyme- the repetition of sounds at the end of words. • Example: Below the thunders of the upper deep Far, far beneath in the abysmal sea His ancient, dreamless, uninvaded sleep The Kraken sleepeth: faintest sunlights flee The words deep and sleep, sea and flee rhyme.

9. Diction- precise word choice.

10. Figurative language- writing or speech not meant to be interpreted literally. • Some frequently used figures of speech with figurative language includes metaphors, personification, and similes.

11. Irony- something that is contrary to what is expected or the opposite of what is said.

12. Speaker- The speaker is the imaginary voice assumed by the writer of the poem. In many poems, the speaker is not identified by name. Te speaker within the poem may be a person, animal, a thing, or an abstraction.

13. Tone – the attitude a writer takes toward the subject and audience of his writing. The tone is always implied, never stated. (e. g. formal, intimate, solemn, playful, serious, ironic, condescending, and many other possible attitudes)

14. Hyperbole- Hyperbole is a deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. Examples: This poetry project is killing me. This class lasts forever. My sister is the stupidest person ever.

15. Meter- the meter of a poem is its rhythmical pattern. This pattern is determined by the number and types of stresses, or beats, in each line. To describe the meter of a poem, you must scan its lines, marking the syllables. Each strong stress is marked with a slanted accent mark ( ' ), and each unstressed syllable is marked with a curved accent mark ( ˘ ). 16. Foot - The stressed and unstressed syllables are then divided by vertical lines into groups called feet. The most common "foot" is the iamb: a foot with one unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, as in the word again. Humans generally speak in iambs.

17. Rhyme scheme- the pattern in which rhyme sounds occur in a stanza or an entire poem. • The rhyme scheme of a poem is indicated by using different letters of the alphabet for each new rhyme. In an AABB stanza, for example, line 1 rhymes with line 2 and line 3 rhymes with line 4.

"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" by Robert Frost (1874 -1963) Whose woods these are I think I know. a His house is in the village though; a He will not see me stopping here b To watch his woods fill up with snow. a My little horse must think it queer b To stop without a farmhouse near b Between the woods and frozen lake c The darkest evening of the year. b He gives his harness bells a shake c To ask if there is some mistake. c The only other sound's the sweep d Of easy wind and downy flake. c The woods are lovely, dark and deep, d But I have promises to keep, d And miles to go before I sleep. d Hence, the rhyme scheme is: aaba bbcb ccdc dddd

18. Imagery- vivid or figurative language used to represent those things that can be perceived by the five senses: sights, sounds, smells, tastes, and textures, etc. Example: William Wordsworth I WANDERED LONELY AS A CLOUD I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o'er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.

19. Stanza- A stanza is the number of lines in a unit of poetry. Stanzas are sometimes named according to the number of lines found in each: • couplet = 2 lines • tercet = 3 lines • quatrain = 4 lines • cinquain = 5 lines • sestet = 6 lines • heptastich = 7 lines • octave = 8 lines

NO SCAR? Hast thou no scar? No hidden scar on foot, or side, or hand? I hear thee sung as mighty in the land; I hear them hail thy bright, ascendant star. Hast thou no scar? Hast thou no wound? Yet I was wounded by the archers; spent, Leaned Me against a tree to die; and rent By ravening beasts that compassed Me, I swooned. Hast thou no wound? No scar? Yet, as the Master shall the servant be, And piercèd are the feet that follow Me. But thine are whole; can he have followed far Who hast no wound or scar? BY AMY CARMICHAEL, 6/10/2021

20. Structure – the organizational pattern of a text; structure may be apparent in either content or form of both.

21. Symbol- A symbol is anything that stands for, or represents something else. An object serves as a symbol that its own meaning, but it also represents abstract ideas • .

22. Consonance- the repetition of similar consonant sounds at the end or in the middle of words. ****DO NOT confuse consonance with alliteration. Alliteration is at the beginning, consonance is at the middle or end. Example: “the spurt of a lighted match” The consonance is on the “t” sound.

23. Assonance- the repetition of vowel sounds Example: Below the thunders of the upper deep; Far, far beneath in the abysmal sea, The assonance is on the long e sound in “deep, ” “beneath, ” and “sea. ”

24. Allusion- An allusion is a reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, or work of art. Writers make allusions to famous works such as the Bible and Shakespeare's plays. Examples: "Christy didn't like to spend money. She was no Scrooge, but she seldom purchased anything except the bare necessities". "Well, " said the Lieutenant, who had listened with amused interest to all this, and now waxing merry with his tipple; "Well, blessed are the peacemakers, especially the fighting peacemakers! "

25. Repetition- Repetition is the use of any element of language -a sound, word, phrase, clause, or sentence- more than once. Example Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall, Humpty Dumpty had a great fall; All the King's horses and all the King's men Couldn't put Humpty together again