PIFSC Noncommercial Fisheries Research Pacific Islands Fisheries Science

PIFSC Noncommercial Fisheries Research Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center Justin Hospital 2017 PIFSC External Review: Economics and Human Dimensions August 1, 2017

Western Pacific Noncommercial Fisheries U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 2

Noncommercial Fisheries Management Hawaii American Samoa Guam CNMI License Requirement Reporting Requirement Bag Limits Gear Restrictions Local spatial management Not implemented Implemented, but minimal monitoring and/or enforcement Implemented and reasonable monitoring and/or enforcement Split cells reflect mixed results U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 3

Why noncommercial fisheries? Recreation Customary exchange Consumption Community events Culture Economic contribution U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 4

Why noncommercial fisheries? Recreation Customary exchange Consumption Community events Culture Economic contribution U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 5

Why noncommercial fisheries? Recreation Customary exchange Consumption Community events Culture Economic contribution U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 6

Why noncommercial fisheries? Recreation Customary exchange Consumption Community events Culture Economic contribution U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 7

Why noncommercial fisheries? Recreation Customary exchange Consumption Community events Culture Economic contribution U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 8

Why noncommercial fisheries? Recreation Customary exchange Consumption Community events Culture Economic contribution U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 9

2011 Economic Expenditure Survey - Hawaii Sociocultural values of fishing Are the fish you catch an important source of food for your family? 67% SAY YES KAUAI: 75% MAUI: 77% OAHU: 61% HAWAII: 82% U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 10

National Saltwater Recreational Fisheries Policy Six Guiding Principles U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 11

National Saltwater Recreational Fisheries Policy Six Guiding Principles U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 12

Pacific Islands Regional Implementation Plan • Fishing Community Profiles (CNMI, Guam) • Identify universe of recreational and noncommercial boat-based effort • Document traditions and culture of Hawaii bottomfishery • Communicate NOAA’s commitment to noncommercial fisheries through engagement with fishing communities U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 13

Pacific Islands Regional Coordination • Monthly meetings between PIFSC Economics and Human Dimensions Staff and PIRO Recreational Fisheries Specialist (2016 -2017) • Updates and progress on current research, shared resources • Efforts are made to communicate upcoming research and coordinate funding proposals • Strive for alignment with Regional Implementation Plan • Joint outreach activities to promote management and science • Participation in Regional Recreational Fishing Roundtable (May 2017) U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 14

Western Pacific Noncommercial Fisheries Data Hawaii HMRFSS/MRIP American Samoa, Guam, CNMI Private Boat and Shore (2002 -Present) • Catch and effort estimates • NO participation estimates For-hire fishery in monitored under State of Hawaii commercial marine license system WPac. FIN creel surveys Boat and shore (1982 -present) • American Samoa: (1984) • Guam: (1982) • CNMI: (2000) Minimal for-hire fisheries in jurisdictions U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 15

Noncommercial Fisheries Economics Research Areas Angler Expenditure Surveys Stated Preference Surveys For-Hire Cost-Earnings Attitudes and Preferences U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 16

Noncommercial Fisheries Economics Research Areas Angler Expenditure Surveys Stated Preference Surveys For-Hire Cost-Earnings Attitudes and Preferences Spotlight talk - NEXT U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 17

Noncommercial Fisheries Economics Research Areas Angler Expenditure Surveys Stated Preference Surveys Attitudes and Preferences U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 18

Angler Expenditure Research National Recreational Fishing Expenditure Survey (2006, 2011, 2017) • Trip expenditures • Durable goods Recreational Bait and Tackle Expenditure Survey (2014) Hawaii Tournament Expenditure Survey (2006) U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 19

Angler Expenditure Research National Recreational Fishing Expenditure Survey (2006, 2011, 2017) • Trip expenditures • Durable goods Recreational Bait and Tackle Expenditure Survey (2014) Hawaii Tournament Expenditure Survey (2006) U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 20

National Fishing Expenditure Survey Provide estimate of trip and durable good expenditures by state, resident status, and fishing mode • private boat • shore • charter patrons For use in regional economic models to estimate economic contributions to the region’s economy. U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 21

National Fishing Expenditure Survey Provide estimate of trip and durable good expenditures by state, resident status, and fishing mode For use in regional economic models to estimate economic contributions to the region’s economy. 2011 Hawaii Angler Contributions $310 M Sales $118 M Income $186 M Value-added 2, 861 Jobs U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 22

Stated Preference Research Add-on to 2006 National Fishing Expenditure Survey Conjoint Choice Experiments …an investigation of theoretical valuation methods, rather than for providing estimates of true representative WTP for Hawaii anglers U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 23

2015 Attitudes and Preferences Survey • Outreach Efforts • DBOR vessel registry • NOAA Saltwater Angler registry 3500 surveys were mailed between June-July, 2015 U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 24

2015 Attitudes and Preferences Survey Motivations for fishing • Recreation: fish for sport or pleasure (51%) • Fishing for food – catch enough for personal consumption (68%) • 80% of fishermen “always” or “often” share catch with family and friends U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 25

2015 Attitudes and Preferences Survey Preferences and satisfaction with fisheries management Most important objectives should be: • Ensure adequate amounts of fish are allowed to mature and spawn (73%) • Ensure future generations will have high quality fishing opportunities (68%) • Restore depleted fish stocks (64%) Primary concerns with management • Monitoring and enforcement of non-commercial fishing regulations • Not doing enough to protect declining fish populations • Not doing enough to restore fish stocks that have been depleted U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 26

2015 Attitudes and Preferences Survey Preferences and satisfaction with fisheries management Most important objectives should be: • Ensure adequate amounts of fish are allowed to mature and spawn (73%) • Ensure future generations will have high quality fishing opportunities (68%) • Restore depleted fish stocks (64%) Primary concerns with management • Monitoring and enforcement of non-commercial fishing regulations • Not doing enough to protect declining fish populations • Not doing enough to restore fish stocks that have been depleted Establish a Hawaii resident non-commercial saltwater fishing license? U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 27

2015 Attitudes and Preferences Survey Preferences and satisfaction with fisheries management Most important objectives should be: • Ensure adequate amounts of fish are allowed to mature and spawn (73%) • Ensure future generations will have high quality fishing opportunities (68%) • Restore depleted fish stocks (64%) Primary concerns with management • Monitoring and enforcement of non-commercial fishing regulations • Not doing enough to protect declining fish populations • Not doing enough to restore fish stocks that have been depleted Establish a Hawaii resident non-commercial saltwater fishing license 48% DO NOT PREFER AT ALL U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 28

2015 Attitudes and Preferences Survey Perceptions towards ecosystem conditions and threats U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 29

Challenges to Noncommercial Fisheries Research Defining the population Building robust sampling frames Jurisdictional considerations U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 30

Defining the population Aloha, I was recently contacted as part of NOAA’s telephone survey regarding fishing in Hawaii. The surveyor asked whether members of our family fished. I answered “yes”. The surveyor then asked how many adults fished. I answered “four”. The surveyor asked whether we fished for “recreational” or “commercial” purposes. I answered “neither – we fish to put food on the table”. She then said, “Oh, then you didn’t fish this past year”. I answered that we did fish, but not for recreational or commercial reasons. Then she said she was just asking questions on the survey. And I said “Well, I guess our family doesn’t fit in your survey”. …. It is not right to suggest that those who live a subsistence lifestyle is the same as not fishing. Our family lives in an area on Maui where subsistence fishing is the dominant lifestyle. We are probably negligible statistically, but we do fish. NOAA Fisheries Received March 2017 U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 31

Defining the population What is recreational fishing in the Western Pacific? “We don’t play with our fish” Lines between commercial and non-commercial fishing are blurred in the Pacific Islands Region Research has consistently documented difficulty in aligning fisher self-classification with behavior and this finding goes both ways U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 32

Building robust sampling frames Diverse Methods used in Hawaii Fishing Expenditure Surveys 2006: HMRFSS add-on, Volunteers, CML frame • HMRFSS add-on good for trip costs, not for durables • CML Frame provides overlap with commercial fishers • Who is commercial? Who isn’t? • Volunteers are convenience sample U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 33

Building robust sampling frames Diverse Methods used in Hawaii Fishing Expenditure Surveys 2006: HMRFSS add-on, Volunteers, CML frame • HMRFSS add-on good for trip costs, not for durables • CML Frame provides overlap with commercial fishers • Who is commercial? Who isn’t? • Volunteers are convenience sample 2011: HMRFSS add-on, Volunteers, NMFS Angler Registry • Angler registry proved useful • Charter patron efforts exceedingly difficult U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 34

Building robust sampling frames Diverse Methods used in Hawaii Fishing Expenditure Surveys 2006: HMRFSS add-on, Volunteers, CML frame • HMRFSS add-on good for trip costs, not for durables • CML Frame provides overlap with commercial fishers • Who is commercial? Who isn’t? • Volunteers are convenience sample 2011: HMRFSS add-on, Volunteers, NMFS Angler Registry • Angler registry proved useful • Charter patron efforts exceedingly difficult 2017: DBOR vessel Registry, NMFS Angler Registry, Panel U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 35

Building robust sampling frames National Saltwater Angler Registry 2010 Federal requirement for states without recreational fishing licenses (Hawaii, US Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico) Advantage: Angler-scale Disadvantage: Only applies in Federal waters Nearly 2528 unique anglers registered between 2010 – 2015. 2500 valid registrations in 2011… 875 have renewed at least once Currently: 58 valid registrations…less useful U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 36

Building robust sampling frames State of Hawaii DBOR Vessel Registry On average, approximately 13, 000 vessels registered / year • In 2017, approximately 23% of currently registered vessels checked YES, up from 8% in 2015 Advantage: Reliable population frame, covers State waters Downside: Only includes vessel owners U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 37

Building robust sampling frames Volunteer panels Hawaii Noncommercial Fishing Attitudes and Preferences Survey (2015) 451 fishermen checked the box (41%) Analysis underway to explore how this population compares to others U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 38

Building robust sampling frames Noncommerical Fishing Characterization (2017) • • • Marine supply directory (n=145+) Fishing tournaments Fishing clubs Fishing-related media outlets Social media and web footprint Useful for monitoring pulse of noncommercial fisheries, trends in fishery issues, affords outlets for research outreach and communication, communications guide U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 39

Jurisdictional Considerations • Traditionally, we have focused our research on boatbased fisheries (Federal waters) • Overwhelming majority of shore-based and nearshore fishing is non-commercial fishing U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 40

Strengths: We have published good descriptions of the complexities of small boat fishing in Hawaii including various noncommercial aspects of fishing. In spite of survey challenges we have been successful implementing noncommercial fisheries work. Opportunities: Continued outreach to improve community support and interest in noncommercial economics research Aspirations: Develop robust sampling frames for future research Restraints: Challenges associated with defining and implementing noncommercial fisheries research in our region U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 41

Next Steps 2017 Hawaii Expenditure Survey is in the field! 2018 Hawaii Tournament Expenditure survey Fish. Rules App (proposal submitted in collaboration with SWFSC, NWFSC) U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 42

Future Directions and Needs Opportunities for more innovative and effective sampling techniques and survey design What could a representative panel look like? Find ways to engage with the charter industry and/or new approaches to reach charter patrons U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 43