PIFSC Human Dimensions and Communities Research Pacific Islands

PIFSC Human Dimensions and Communities Research Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center Kirsten Leong 2017 PIFSC External Review: Economics and Human Dimensions July 31, 2017

What are Human Dimensions? The term human dimensions refers to how and why humans value natural resources, how humans want resources managed, and how humans affect or are affected by natural resource management decisions. Decker, D. J. , S. J. Riley, and W. F. Siemer, 2012 The human dimensions of natural resource management include • • The driving forces behind people’s decisions The human behaviors that lead to change The effects of change on natural resources and quality of life The management strategies to address change https: //my. usgs. gov/hd/about U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 2

What is Human Dimensions Research? Human dimensions inquiries strive to understand human traits and how to incorporate that understanding into management planning and actions. Decker, D. J. , S. J. Riley, and W. F. Siemer, 2012 Figure from Bennett, N. J. et al. , 2017, Conservation Social Science U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 3

Mandate: National Standard 8 - Communities National Standards for Fishery Conservation and Management Conservation and management measures shall … take into account the importance of fishery resources to fishing communities in order to (A) provide for the sustained participation of such communities, and (B) to the extent practicable, minimize adverse economic impacts on such communities 16 U. S. C. 1851 - MSA § 301 (8) U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 4

Mandate: Fisheries Ecosystem Plans OBJECTIVE 1. Support Fishing Communities a. Identify the various social and economic groups within the region’s fishing communities and their interconnections. b. Ensure that regulations designed to meet conservation objectives are written to be as minimally -constraining as possible. c. Select alternatives that minimize adverse economic impacts to fishing communities when possible. d. Eliminate regulations that are no longer necessary (i. e. , eliminate access barriers). e. Increase communication between fishery sectors. f. Support fishery development, training and processing opportunities. g. Support projects, programs and policies that increase sustainable fishing opportunities. - WPRFMC 2016 U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 5

What are Fishing Communities? The term “fishing community” means a community which is substantially dependent on or substantially engaged in the harvest or processing of fishery resources to meet social and economic needs, and includes fishing vessel owners, operators, and crew and United States fish processors that are based in such community. (50 CFR 600. 345(b)(3)) A fishing community is a social or economic group whose members reside in a specific location and share a common dependency on commercial, recreational, or subsistence fishing or on directly related fisheries-dependent services and industries (for example, boatyards, ice suppliers, tackle shops) (50 CFR 600. 345(b)(3)) U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 6

What are Fishing Communities? A large portion of the people living in the Western Pacific region observe and interact daily with the ocean for food, income and recreation… fishing also continues to contribute to the cultural integrity and social cohesion of island communities…These individuals are not set apart…from island populations as a whole. - WPRFMC 1998 U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 7

PIFSC Human Dimensions Research NMFS Mission Areas • Productive and Sustainable Fisheries • Healthy Ecosystems • Recovery and Conservation of Protected Resources • Safe Sources of Seafood OST Human Dimensions Areas • Community Profiles • Social Indicators • Voices from the Fisheries • Social and Cultural Studies PIFSC Priorities (2016) • Social Indicators • IEA • Climate Change PIRO WPRFMC (Council) U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 8

PIFSC Human Dimensions Research NMFS: Productive and Sustainable Fisheries Community Profiles Social Indicators U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 9

Defining Communities Population Size Communities mean median ~Island 10 154892 59276 Census County Division (CCD) 83 17805 5371 Census Designated Place (CDP) 420 3733 886 Census Block Group 1190 1398 1235 U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 10

PIFSC Human Dimensions Research NMFS: Productive and Sustainable Fisheries Voices from the Fisheries American Samoa Elder Fishermen Interviews U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 11

PIFSC Human Dimensions Research NMFS: Productive and Sustainable Fisheries Voices from the Fisheries https: //pifscblog. wordpress. com/category/socioeconomics/ U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 12

PIFSC Human Dimensions Research NMFS: Productive and Sustainable Fisheries Social and Cultural Studies • Longline fleet and crew • Impacts of bigeye tuna closures (2010, 2015) • Knowledge, Attitudes, and Preferences surveys • bottomfish small boat fleet • non-commercial fishing • coral reef users (West Maui and West Hawaii) • Surveys related to Marine Monuments (Theme 7 – Wednesday) U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 13

PIFSC Human Dimensions Research NMFS: Healthy Ecosystems West Hawaii IEA: Pelagic Fishes Source: Cohen-Shacham, E. , Janzen, C. , Maginnis, S. , Walters, G. - Dr Hilde Eggermont, CC BY-SA 4. 0, https: //commons. wikimedia. org/w/index. php? curid=54923005: Source: Becky Ingram U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 14

PIFSC Human Dimensions Research NMFS: Recovery and Protection of Protected Resources U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 15

PIFSC Human Dimensions Research NMFS: Safe Sources of Seafood U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 16

Other Upcoming Work • History of fishing in Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument • Social indicators applications to non-catch shares fisheries • Interactions between fisheries and oceanic whitetip sharks • Social-ecological systems modeling U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 17

Future Directions • Assessing feasibility of integrated socioeconomic monitoring for the region • Identifying cultural keystone species • Integrating spatially explicit cultural values into ecosystem models • Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument social science needs assessment U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 18

Discussion • NS 8, OST funding Productive and Sustainable Fisheries focus • Opportunities for rest of NMFS mission • Funding sources? • Capacity to identify social science questions • Staffing limitations U. S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 19