PELATIHAN PERUMUSAN MASALAH PENELITIAN Sindung Haryanto Research Question

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PELATIHAN PERUMUSAN MASALAH PENELITIAN Sindung Haryanto

PELATIHAN PERUMUSAN MASALAH PENELITIAN Sindung Haryanto

Research Question Literature Review Publish Finding The Research Cycle Data Analysis Research Design Plan

Research Question Literature Review Publish Finding The Research Cycle Data Analysis Research Design Plan Data Gathering

KRITERIA MASALAH PENELITIAN 1. MENARIK (SEXY) 2. AKTUAL 3. COVERAGE (MAGNITUDE) 4. UNIQUENESS 5.

KRITERIA MASALAH PENELITIAN 1. MENARIK (SEXY) 2. AKTUAL 3. COVERAGE (MAGNITUDE) 4. UNIQUENESS 5. FEASIBEL ( WAKTU, BIAYA, TENAGA, AKSES) 6. NOVELTY 7. KONTRIBUTIF (ILPENG. , KEHIDUPAN)

BAGAIMANA MEMILIH MASALAH? KRITERIA MSLH 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 MSLH

BAGAIMANA MEMILIH MASALAH? KRITERIA MSLH 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 MSLH 2 MSLH 3 DST. .

Penelusuran Penelitian Sebelumnya Duplikasi Penelitian Proposal Penelitian Review Perkembangan Penelitian Sebelumnya/terkait Profil Peneliti 1.

Penelusuran Penelitian Sebelumnya Duplikasi Penelitian Proposal Penelitian Review Perkembangan Penelitian Sebelumnya/terkait Profil Peneliti 1. Penelitian sangat orisinil (baru sama sekali) 2. Penelitian sudah ada namun memiliki kebaruan (novelty) 3. Penelitian sudah dilakukan di tempat lain Check Kesimpulan Basis data E-journal dan sitasi

Contoh Kasus Review Proposal Judul Penelitian Uji Potensi ekstrak Daun Pepaya dan Biji Pepaya

Contoh Kasus Review Proposal Judul Penelitian Uji Potensi ekstrak Daun Pepaya dan Biji Pepaya (Carica papaya) sebagai larvasida terhadap Larva nyamuk Anopheles, sp Di Kabupaten Jayapura, Papua Data Base Jurnal Indonensia (Garuda) Data Base DOAJ Data Base Scopus Data Base Kemenristek dikti Data Base E-resources PNRI Pubmed JSTOR Springer 1. Penelitian sangat orisinil (baru sama sekali) 2. Penelitian sudah ada namun memiliki kebaruan (novelty) 3. Penelitian sudah dilakukan di tempat lain

Beberapa Kelemahan Proposal Tidak Menggunakan Sumber Primer (Jurnal/Conference) Pustaka Yang digunakan Tidak Mutakhir/Tahun Lama

Beberapa Kelemahan Proposal Tidak Menggunakan Sumber Primer (Jurnal/Conference) Pustaka Yang digunakan Tidak Mutakhir/Tahun Lama Database E-Journal Penulisan Kutipan Yang salah, tidak konsisten mengikuti salah satu Gaya Penulisan Daftar Pustaka Yang salah, tidak konsisten mengikuti salah satu Gaya Reference Manager

Building Research Question All research begins with a question. The research question is simply

Building Research Question All research begins with a question. The research question is simply a statement of what it is we want to know. Usually it can be expressed in a couple of sentences, or a short paragraph. The success of a research project is usually linked to our ability to answer this question, though the act of carrying out the research may lead to new questions that are as important, or more so. the consistency between designs and research questions.

The Nature of Research Question � as a result of prior research or theorizing

The Nature of Research Question � as a result of prior research or theorizing on a topic � participant observation, � historical review, � interview � Outside of academia research questions often appear to be straightforward and usually address a problem of a lack of knowledge in an area

Reseach Question Method Qualitative Quantitative Prolonged engagement Design Feature (sampling, scheduling) Persistence observation Control

Reseach Question Method Qualitative Quantitative Prolonged engagement Design Feature (sampling, scheduling) Persistence observation Control for threats to internal validity Triangulation a. Validity of the instrument Thick Description b. Reliabality of the instrument Reflexive Journal Writing Control for threats to external validity Structural relationship etc Design Reseach Outcomes Truth Value

Ex: Qualitative Research Question Design Method Phenomenology Research Question What is it like for

Ex: Qualitative Research Question Design Method Phenomenology Research Question What is it like for a mother to live with a teenage child who is dying of cancer? ” (Nieswiadomy, 1993, p. 151) Grounded theory (Open Coding ): What are the categories to emerge from interactions between caregivers and patients , or (Axial coding): How does caregiving relate to actions by nurses Ethnographic How do early adolescent females read literature that falls outside the realm of fictions? (Finders, 1996, p. 72) Pengodean aksial adalah seperangkat prosedur yang disusun dengan cara baru setelah pengodean terbuka dengan bentuk kode yang terdiri dari: kondisi, ukuran, konteks, strategi dan konsekuensi

How do early adolescent females read literature that falls outside the realm of fictions?

How do early adolescent females read literature that falls outside the realm of fictions? How it uses an open-ended verb Read it focuses on a single concept the “literature” or teen magazines Adolescent Famale Participant

Ex: Central Questions From a Case Study How do women in a psychology doctoral

Ex: Central Questions From a Case Study How do women in a psychology doctoral program describe their decision to return to school? • (Padula and Miller, 1999, P. 328) How do women in a psychology doctoral program describe school change these women’s lives? • (Padula and Miller, 1999, P. 328)

Beberapa Tips • Mulailah pertanyaan riset dengan kata “apa” atau “bagaimana” • Fokus pada

Beberapa Tips • Mulailah pertanyaan riset dengan kata “apa” atau “bagaimana” • Fokus pada konsep atau fenomena tunggal. • Gunakan exploratory verbs yang mencerminkan bahasa desain riset yang sedang dilakukan. • Gunakan open-ended questions tanpa merujuk pada referensi literatur atau teori kecuali dinyatakan sebaliknya oleh strategi penelitian kualitatif. • Gunakan non-directional language. Hindari kata yang mencerminkan studi kuantitatif seperti “pengaruh”, “hubungan”, “perbedaan” dsb.

exploratory verbs Purpose of the Study Design of research Discover Grounded theory Seek to

exploratory verbs Purpose of the Study Design of research Discover Grounded theory Seek to understand Ethnography Explore a process Case Study Describe the experiences Report the stories Phenomenology Narrative research

QUANTITIATIVE RESEARCH: QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES • Peneliti menggunakan research questions & hipotesis untuk merumuskan

QUANTITIATIVE RESEARCH: QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES • Peneliti menggunakan research questions & hipotesis untuk merumuskan dan secara khusus memfokuskan tujuan studi. • Sangat umum digunakan dalam riset ilmu sosial khususnya survai. • Hipotesis secara tipikal juga digunakan dalam eksperimen dimana peneliti melakukan perbandingan.

Guideline • Penggunaan variabel-variabel dalam pertanyaan riset atau hipotesis secara tipikal terbatas pada tiga

Guideline • Penggunaan variabel-variabel dalam pertanyaan riset atau hipotesis secara tipikal terbatas pada tiga pendekatan dasar (hubungan, perbandingan/perbedaan, pengaruh). • Bentuk penelitian kuantitatif paling ketat (rigorous) adalah uji teori. • Variabel dependen dan independen harus dapat diukur secara terpisah.

Guideline (contd) • Untuk menghindari redundancy, tuliskan hanya research questions atau hipotesis, bukan keduanya,

Guideline (contd) • Untuk menghindari redundancy, tuliskan hanya research questions atau hipotesis, bukan keduanya, karena hipotesis dibangun atas dasar research questions • Jika hipotesis yang digunakan ada dua bentuk yakni Ho dan Ha. Hipotesis yang sering ditulis adalah Ho. Hipotesis merupakan prediksi kondisi populasi. Rumusannya bisa “tidak ada hubungan”, “tidak ada pengaruh” atau “tidak ada

Ex: Directional Hypotheses Mascarenhas (1989) studied the differences between type of ownership (state-owned, private)

Ex: Directional Hypotheses Mascarenhas (1989) studied the differences between type of ownership (state-owned, private) of firms in the offshore drilling industry. The study explored such differences as domestic market dominance, international presence, and customer orientation Number Hypotheses 1 Publicly traded firms will have higher growth rates than privately held firms. 2 Publicly traded enterprises will have a larger international scope than state-owned and privately held firms. 3 State-owned firms will have a greater share of the domestic market than publicly traded or privately held firms 4 Publicly traded firms will have broader product lines than state-owned and privately held firms. 5 State-owned firms are more likely to have state-owned enterprises as customer overseas 6 State-owned firms will have a higher customer base stability than privately held firms. 7 in less visible contexts, publicly traded firms will employ more advanced technology than state-owned and privately held firms.

Ex: Non-Directional Hypotheses Moore (2000) studied the meaning of gender identity for religious and

Ex: Non-Directional Hypotheses Moore (2000) studied the meaning of gender identity for religious and secular Jewish and Arab women in Israeli society. Number Hypotheses 1 Gender identity of religious and secular Arab and Jewish women are related to different sociopolitical social orders that reflect the different value systems they embrace. 2 Religious women with salient gender identity are less socio-politically active than secular women with salient gender identities. 3 The relationships among gender identity, religiosity, and social actions are weaker among Arab women than among jewish women.

Ex: Standard Use of Language in Hypotheses There is no relationship between utilization of

Ex: Standard Use of Language in Hypotheses There is no relationship between utilization of ancillary support services and academic persistence for nontraditional women College student There is no relationship between family support systems and academic persistence for non-traditional aged college women. There is no relationship between ancillary support services and family support systems for non-traditional college women.

Ex: Descriptive Questions No Research Question 1 How do the students rate on critical

Ex: Descriptive Questions No Research Question 1 How do the students rate on critical thinking skills? (A descriptive question focused on the independent variable) 2 What are the students’ achievement levels (or grades) in science classes? (A descriptive question focused on the dependent variable) 3 What are the student’s prior grades in science classes? (A descriptive question focused on the control variable of prior grades). what is the educational attainment of the parents of the eight graders? (A descriptive question focused on another control variable, educational attainment of parents) 4

Ex: Inferential Questions Does critical thinking ability relate to student achievement? (An inferential question

Ex: Inferential Questions Does critical thinking ability relate to student achievement? (An inferential question relating the independent and the dependent variables) Does critical thinking ability relate to student achievement, controlling or the effects of prior grades in science and the educational attainment of the eight-graders’ parents? (An inferential question relating the independent and the dependent variables, controlling for the effects of the two controlled variables)

Ex: Research Questions in a Mixed Methods Study • There would be no significant

Ex: Research Questions in a Mixed Methods Study • There would be no significant difference between students in the middle school and those in the junior high in attitude toward science as a school subject. • There would be no significant difference between students in the middle school and thos in the junior high in achievement in science. (Houtz, 1995, p. 630)

Ex: Research Questions in a Mixed Methods Study • What differences currently exist between

Ex: Research Questions in a Mixed Methods Study • What differences currently exist between the middle school instructional strategy and the junior high instructional strategy of this school in transition? • How has this transition period impacted science attitude and achievement of your students? • How do teachers feel about this change process? (Houtz, 1995, p. 649).

Reference • Cresswell, J. W. 2005. RESEARCH DESIGN: Qualitative, Quantitative, and mixed methods approaches.

Reference • Cresswell, J. W. 2005. RESEARCH DESIGN: Qualitative, Quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. SECOND EDITION. • Newman, Isadore. & Benz, Carolyn R. 1998. Qualitative-quantitative Research Methodology : Exploring the Interactive Continuum. Southern Illinois University Press.