OPEN SCIENCE IN EUROPE Ron Dekker Project Leader

OPEN SCIENCE IN EUROPE Ron Dekker Project Leader Open Science opinions are my own 11 July 2016

Contents • Open Science: – Background info • Open Science: From Vision to Action – NL Presidency of European Council • Lessons learned – What’s next?

1. Open Science Background information

Open Science

Why Open Science • As a Principle • – Results of publicly funded research should be available Technically possible (IT/Internet) • We need it: Science and innovation are foundations for economic recovery, sustainable growth and jobs – Open science is a means to improve connectivity to be able to exchange knowledge more rapidly • For the benefit of science • Better interaction with Society & Economy • Improve on Integrity and Trust (and reproducablity) Just suppose we could create a level-playing field for science and scientists where sharing instead of owning would be the basic principle

Connecting R&I in a digital world • Information becomes its own production factor (Yochai Benkler, the wealth of information) • Info can be shared & reused endlessly Digital copy and distribution at almost zero costs • It’s not about the content, it’s about finding the relevant information • Time to develop and innovate will become shorter and shorter

Political Momentum • Neelie Kroes (2012; Allea Conference) “We start the era of open science” • EC Communication 17. 7. 2012 Towards better access to scientific information • European Open Science Agenda 2015 • Council Conclusions on Open Science 2016 • Amsterdam Call for Action on Open Science coming up • La République Numérique

Need for change Subscriptions are expensive sometimes no access Need for publications in early career What if we could spend the money on research

1 b. Focus on Publications and Data

What is Open Access? • Readers have access to publications – Free of financial and legal barriers • It’s about switching to different models – Gold: author (or institution) pay Article Processing Charges (APC’s), the article is freely available – Green: deposit a version of the article in a repository There can be time lag on the publisher version – Institutional models • institutions/libraries pay the cost of running a journal, e. g. Scielo in South America, or e. LIFE journal • overlay journals: select papers from ARCHIV, BIO-ARCHIV, … • Major challenge: fair pricing and switch the system without double dipping, that is NOT – pay for access to subscriptions AND – pay APC’s for making articles free to read

Why is the Toll Access model not sustainable? • • Pricing Monopolies of journals under pressure (platforms) Time lag (& growing importance of pre-publications) Selection mechanisms that induce ‘publication bias’ Need for new analysing tools (text & data mining) Trend that people won’t pay for content anymore Repositories available & connected SC Sci-Hub: 5 Million downloads per month Not legal not sustainable, but a pathfinder?

Barriers for Open Access to Publications • Multiple Stakeholder Problem – Researchers, universities & libraries, funders, publishers, governments, and new users (!) awareness – First mover disadvantages • Vendor lock-in – Big deals (1 price for all journals of a publisher) put high marginal costs on quitting one journal – Role of Journal Impact Factor in rankings and scientific careers adapt the assessment & reward systems • Lack of information on current costs monitor • Misunderstanding – What Open Access is about (Peter Suber @ Harvard) – Change might induce double costs, lower quality, hamper careers, block patenting etc.

What is Re-use of Data? • Researchers and other users have access to data – Free of financial and legal barriers • It’s about setting up a new system – E-Infrastructure as a Service Computing, Storage, Networks, Software, Authentication, Control on Access and Use – Reward System Acknowledge sharing of data (e. g. by data citation) Data stewardship – FAIR data Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Re-usable • Major challenges: connect current and new facilities; sustainable (business) models

Barriers for Re-use of Research Data • Lack of – Organisation – Clarity of responsibilities – Clarity on ownership – Sustainable business models for Data Services – Interoperability among countries and disciplines • Different cultures for sharing data by disciplines – Absence of systematic reward and recognition mechanisms • Complexity of data – Living/Dynamic Data – Analysing Data requires knowledge and software

2. Open Science: from Vision to Action Milestones • ERAC Taskforce on Research Data • Presidency Conference: Call for Action • Council Conclusions:

ERAC TF on Optimal Reuse of Research Data TRAINING OF STAKEHOLDERS AND AWARENESS RAISING 1. Promote a better understanding of open research data through communication & awareness raising 2. Establish training and education programs on Open Science 3. Establish a reward system for data sharing activities 4. Ensure sound monitoring DATA QUALITY AND MANAGEMENT 5. Make data identifiable and citable 6. Promote metadata standardisation and production of metadata 7. Promote innovative models for (open) peer-review and processes of quality assurance 8. Strongly promote the use of data management plans SUSTAINABILITY AND FUNDING 9. Ensure the existence of FAIR open research data infrastructures 10. Ensure sufficient funding for open research data and for data sharing activities. LEGAL ISSUES 11. Make IPR issues insightful

Presidency Conference • Preparation – National project team with all stakeholders – Seek international support, especially at political level • UK+NL non-paper to Member States • Visiting like-minded (and less like-minded) countries – Brainstorm & Preparatory Meetings with experts • 1 st day on policy – Bring in the high-levels – but structure the event (pitches) • 2 nd day: parallel working sessions – Concept of Amsterdam Call for Action on Open Science “Countless initiatives have been developed during recent years, policies are not aligned, and expertise can be shared more and better. There is a strong need for cooperation, common targets, real change, and stocktaking on a regular basis for a speedy transition towards open science. ”

Call for Action: set goals & work out Two important pan-European goals for 2020: 1. Full open access for all scientific publications 2. A fundamentally new approach towards optimal reuse of research data Flanking policy 3. New assessment, reward and evaluation systems 4. Alignment of policies and exchange of best practices

Removing barriers to open science 1. Change assessment, evaluation and reward systems in science 2. Facilitate text and data mining of content 3. Improve insight into IPR and issues such as privacy 4. Create transparency on the costs and conditions of academic communication Developing research infrastructures 5. Introduce FAIR and secure data principles 6. Set up common e-infrastructures Fostering and creating incentives for open science 7. Adopt open access principles 8. Stimulate new publishing models for knowledge transfer 9. Stimulate evidence-based research on innovations in open science Mainstreaming and further promoting open science policies 10. Develop, implement, monitor and refine open access plans Stimulating and embedding open science in science and society 11. Involve researchers and new users in open science 12. Encourage stakeholders to share expertise and information on open science

Council Conclusions aligned with • A’dam Call for Action • EC Open Science Agenda • Stress the importance of Open Science • Open Science Policy Platform and European Open Science Agenda • Removing barriers and fostering incentives • Open access to scientific publications • Optimal reuse of research data • Follow-up

Council Conclusions • Stress the importance of Open Science • 1. Open Science as an ongoing transformation • 2. Potential to increase benefits of science • 3. Focus on Publications & Data • Open Science Policy Platform and European Open Science Agenda • 4. Open Science Policy Platform; Start initiatives; Inform each other • 5. Further develop the European Open Science Agenda • Removing barriers and fostering incentives • 6. Results open ASAP; Remove legal barriers • 7. Impact to Science and Society; QA; Reward Systems; Data Citation • 8. TDM for All • 9. Retain Copyright, use Licensing Models

Council Conclusions (c’tnd) • Open access to scientific publications • 10. Open Access as point of departure; common principles • 11. Compliance on Open Access • 12. Open Access in 2020; Funding of new Models; Common Principles • 13. Set Milestones; Monitoring; Facilitate Information Sharing • Optimal reuse of research data • 14. Optimal reuse as point of departure; data as public good • 15. Open by default; promote data stewardship; implement DMP’s • 16. FAIR & Safe Data • 17. European Open Science Cloud • Follow-up • 18. Advocate Open Science; Coordinate Activities & Information

European Open Science Agenda • Fostering and creating incentives for Open Science in education programmes and best practices and extending the input of knowledge producers in a more open science environment (citizen science). It is also about guaranteeing the quality, impact and research integrity of Science- • Removing barriers for Open Science which implies among other a review of researchers' careers with a view on creating incentives and awarding researchers for engagement with Open Science; • Mainstreaming and further promoting Open Access policies to research data and publications • Developing research infrastructures for Open Science Improve data hosting, access and governance • Embedding Open Science in society as a soc-ec driver Open Science becomes instrumental in making science more responsive to societal and economic expectations. Notably by addressing the grand societal challenges.

Open Science Policy Platform • Develop the Open Science Policy Agenda • Promote uptake of agreed best (policy) practices • through a structured discussion with the main stakeholders universities; academies of science; research funding bodies; research performing organisations; Citizen Science; scientific publication associations; Open Science platforms and intermediaries; (research) libraries. • Implementation of open science policy will be effectuated by the active advocacy of agreed policies by these stakeholders

Open Science Policy Platform • Follow the European Open Science Agenda • Use results of EC High Level Advisory Groups 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Open Science Cloud Altmetrics FAIR open data Changing business models for publishing Rewards Research integrity Citizen Science Open education and skills • Connect with stakeholders, experts, … • First meeting Sep 19 th; opening by Moedas/Smits

3. Lessons learned

Lessons learned • Set goals – and be ambitious! – Stay focused Progress requires focus on long term goals and will consist of many small steps (and quite some dynamics) – Monitor progress • Seek support – Inclusive approach • all stakeholders • work on common language AND mutual trust – Join forces: • NL: cooperation by politics, universities, funders was effective in realising new agreements with publishers Have clarity on roles! • International: EU, Americas, Asian-Pacific, Africa

What’s next? • Common goals • Inclusive approach & Alignment and Concerted Actions – Get the researchers involved! • Find new users – cf. disruptive innovation (Clayton Christensen) • High Level Advisory Groups – – European Open Science Cloud Altmetrics Fair data Publishing models (expected) • Open Science Policy Platform Stakeholder driven, but will connect with Member States (via ERA Working Groups, via Competiveness Councils, …)

Some thoughts • Connect Science with Innovation – Need for Speed – Information economy new opportunities – also for small/new organisations – H 2020 WP 2016/17 16. Science with and for society Swaf. S-10 -2017: Putting Open Science into action

Some thoughts (c’tnd) • Data might become the new oil – Infrastructures as facilities; but it’s the data that count you need expertise and trained data scientists – Don’t confuse “open” with re-use FAIR & secure Some data might need protection, rules for access, and some might need explanation, help in analysis. Data sharing: Ensure FAIR & data security and have a clear IP policy (on apps, value added) • Platforms – For data – For publications

Who publishes how much? Continent AFRICA ASIA AUS/NZ EUROPE NORTH AMERICA SOUTH AMERICA TOTAL Documents Citable documents 109. 941 100. 925 838. 393 792. 866 95. 619 83. 186 1. 104. 455 985. 197 677. 876 586. 003 170. 129 159. 226 2. 996. 413 2. 707. 403 Nr. of Theses in NDLTD 2014: 140. 000 2015: 120. 000 % Cit. Docs 4% 29% 3% 36% 22% 6% 100% % Net Citations Self. Citations citations Netcitations 55. 167 12. 867 42. 300 337. 914 162. 511 175. 403 62. 288 18. 214 44. 074 682. 043 198. 312 483. 731 412. 225 205. 436 206. 789 69. 099 19. 472 49. 627 1. 618. 736 616. 812 1. 001. 924 4% 18% 4% 48% 21% 5% 100% Source http: //www. scimagojr. com/countryrank. php all subject areas all regions 2015

Some thougths • Get organized Have a Value Proposition And an Audience Alex Osterwalder CANVAS STRATEGYZER [based on his Ph. D]

Some thoughts

Time for Action is now! • Pick > 3 items from the Amsterdam Call for Action – Use an inclusive approach, – Have political support • ? La République Numérique • Realise them within two years • Come to Amsterdam (follow up of the Presidency) conference in 2018 to present them

Ron Dekker r. dekker@nwo. nl r. j. p. dekker@minocw. nl until 15 July as of 1 September something like “ron. dekker@ec. europa. eu” Seconded to DG Research to support the Open Science Policy Platform